제임스 1세의 가톨릭 정책
The Catholic Policy of James I
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스코틀랜드 국왕 제임스 6세가 엘리자베스 여왕의 뒤를 이어 제임스 1세로 잉글랜드 왕위에 올랐을 때 잉글랜드에는 아르마다 전투 이후부터 심화된 반가톨릭적 정서가 강하게 존재하고 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 제임스 1세가 시행한 가톨릭 정책은 그 당시로서는 놀랄 만큼 온건한 것이었다. 즉위 초의 관용적인 가톨릭 정책에 만족하지 못한 일부가 1605년 화약음모사건을 일으켰고 결과 가톨릭에 대한 강경책이 시행되었지만 그것은 이전의 엘리자베스 시대에 비하면 지속적이지도 가혹한 박해로 연결되지도 않았다. 그리고 1620년대 초에는 오히려 가톨릭 에스파냐의 공주와 제임스의 아들 찰스의 결혼 협상이 시작되기도 한다. 이렇듯 제임스의 가톨릭 정책은 외관상 일관성이 없을 뿐 더러 혼란스럽기조차 하다. 이 글은 이런 시간에 따라 다양하게 변화하는 제임스 1세의 종교정책 이면에 존재하는 어떤 원칙 즉 제임스의 의도를 찾아보려는 것이 목적이다. 그리고 그 의도가 지극히 정치적인 성격을 가지고 있었음을 살펴보고자 한다.
Abstract
In 1603, James I was deeply interested in the loyalty of his subjects according to the divine rights of kings and also the perfect unity between England and Scotland. Especially, James I allowed the religion that swore allegiance to the king, he was not concerned with religion of his subjects whether Catholic or Puritan. The most important thing to him was the authority of king. As a result, though Catholics formed conspiracies against him, James I didn’t mind them because of their faith. James abhorred the claim of the extreme Catholics that Pope’s authority included the power to depose secular princes and that Pope’s action released his subjects from the Oath of Allegiance to him. It was not the issue of religion but the issue of the king’s authority. He tried to divide between the extreme Catholics and the moderates through the Oath of Allegiance. He tolerated the moderates who submitted to him. The acts of recusants made by parliament had targeted Catholics who rejected the allegiance to the king or payment of the recusancy fines. It reflects James’ opinion that the issue of Catholic is not religious problems but political problems. The extensive Jacobean church was based on the Church of England, including the moderate Catholics and the Puritans. Sometimes, though both Catholics and Puritans made a counterattack on him, James dealt with them very efficiently because it was the image of royal authority that he pursued.
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