영제국의 과학기술 네트워크―영국과 식민지의 관계에 대한 재고―
Networks of Science and Technology in the British Empire―A Reconsideration of the Relationship between Metropole and Periphery―
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초록
분과학문 사이의 융복합 연구를 강조하는 최근의 학계 성향은 역사학자들로 하여금 과학기술의 영역에도 관심을 기울이게 했고, 이는 영제국사 연구 분야에도 영향을 끼쳤다. 영제국과 과학기술의 관계에 대한 최근 역사연구는 제국 네트워크를 강조하는 신제국사의 영향을 받아, 과학기술의 발전이 식민지와 영국의 상호작용을 통해 이루어졌다는 점을 부각시킨다. 제국 네트워크의 핵심은 식민지에서의 다양한 상황과 제국 시민으로서의 경험이 제국 전체는 물론 영국 본토의 영국인들이 정체성을 형성하는 과정에도 큰 영향을 끼쳤다는 점이다. 본 비평논문은 영제국과 과학기술의 관계에 대한 기존연구들을 시대와 방법론 별로 살펴보고, 네트워크와 혼종을 중시하는 최근의 주요 연구 성과를 소개하며, 그 잠재력과 한계를 비판적으로 고찰한다.
Abstract
This review article aims to analyze some recent historical approaches to the relationship between the British Empire and the development of science and technology. American social scientists in 1950s and 1960s focused on the diffusion of modern science of the West, regarding ‘colonial science’ as a transitional phase between the beginning of expedition and the establishment of native science. In 1970s and 1980s, this assumption was adapted by dependency theorists to reveal the intensity of exploitation of the colonized. Postcolonial theories of late 1980s and 1990s extended this argument to the topic of cultural hegemony. It was the new imperial history that attracted may historians to the interdependency of periphery and metropole. The history of the relationship between the British Empire and the development of science and technology also began to draw upon this new historical approach. Many historians now stress the importance of various roles of local informants and researchers, diverse networks between colonial scientists and their counterparts in Europe, and the hybridity of modern science as a result. Although this new historical approach also has some theoretical weakness, it has surely thrown a new light on the way historians look into the development of modern science in the age of empire.
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