제국과 식민지 병리학 - 미국의 필리핀 지배 사례를 중심으로-
Empire and Pathology in Its Colony - On the Basis of the Case USA’s Dominance over the Philippines-
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이 연구의 목적은 미국의 필리핀 식민지배 과정에서 등장하는 인종주의 담론과 그에 기초한 질병 및 위생 담론을 중심으로 제국과 식민지 사이의 역동적인 상호작용을 그려보는 것이다. 이는 제국과 과학기술의 관계에 대한 기존의 선형적 연구 모델, 즉 과학기술이 제국에서 식민지로 일방적으로 전파되는 것이라는 연구 시각을 비판적으로 검토하는 계기가 될 것이다. 아울러 이 연구는 인간에 대한 관점과 그에 기초한 질병 및 위생 담론이 과학외적 요인에 의해서도 정의될 수 있음을 보임으로써 과학적 담론과 사회가 깊은 연관성을 갖고 있음을 파악하려는 의도 또한 견지하고 있다. 미국은 필리핀의 식민화 과정에서 과학적 인종주의에 기초하여 필리핀인들을 “오염된 인종”으로 간주하며, 인종주의적 편견이 내재된 질병관을 창출하고, 오염된 필리핀 인종을 정화시킨다는 명목을 내세웠다. 그러나 이는 제국주의적 지배를 정당화하며, 필리핀들을 통제하기 위한 억압 기제에 불과했다. 흥미로운 사실은 미국이 내세웠던 인종주의와 질병 및 위생 담론이 후일 미국 내부의 공중 보건 정책이나 이민자들의 인종적 열등성을 규정하는 기초적 자료로 활용되었다는 점이다. 이는 주변부 식민지에서의 과학기술 활동이 중심부 제국의 대외정책을 성공적으로 수행하는 도구일 뿐만 아니라, 중심부 제국 내부의 정책 결정을 이끄는 수단으로도 기능했음을 증명해주는 것이다. 이런 점에서 제국과 식민지 과학기술의 역사는 일방적인 전파가 아니라 상호작용을 미치며 전개되어 왔다고 보는 것이 타당할 것이다. 과학에 기초한 인종담론과 질병 및 위생담론의 필리핀에서의 전개는 이른바 제국의 시대를 새롭게 성찰하고, 과학기술을 매개로 제국과 식민지가 상호작용하는 모습을 그려볼 수 있는 역사적 사례였다. 우리가 역사를 연구하는 이유는 과거의 현상과 표상이 시간적으로 멀리 떨어져있다고 하더라도 현재 우리의 논의에 반향하며, 우리의 일상과 관련을 맺고 있기 때문일 것이다. 따라서 이 연구는 현재의 국제관계 속에서 여전히 발견되는 신식민주의적 관계를 새로운 시각에서 살펴볼 수 있는 단초가 될 것이다.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the dynamic interaction between an empire and its colony on the basis of the scientific racism, view of disease and sanitary policy which appears in the process of USA’s dominance over the Philippines. This will be an opportunity to critically examine the existing linear model of the study on relationship between the empire and science and technology, namely, the viewpoint of research that science and technology are propagated in one-way from the empire to its colony. And in addition to it, this study has an intention to understand the point that scientific discourse and society are strongly related with each other by displaying that the viewpoint of humans and the view of disease based on it may be defined newly by political, social and cultural factors as well. America considered Filipinos as “polluted human race” based on the scientific racism appears in the process of its colonization over the Philippines, created the view of disease containing racial prejudice, and developed the sanitary policy in the name of cleaning up the polluted Philippine race. However, it was only a tool for oppression to justify imperialistic dominance and control Filipinos. Actually, interesting fact is that scientific racism, the view of disease which America had advocated and the sanitary policy on them was used as a basic material to define public health policy inside USA or racial inferiority of immigrants. This demonstrates that activities of science and technology activities in peripheral settlements were not only a tool to successfully perform foreign policies of the central empire, but also a means to lead decision making of policies inside the central empire. In this aspect, it might be appropriate to consider that the history of science and technology in the empire and its colony is not an one- way propagation but it has been developed interacting with each other. The development of the racial discourse and sanitary discourse based on science in the Philippines was a historic case, by which it is possible to newly examine so called the era of the empire, and sketch how the empire and its colony interact by medium of scientific technology. The reason why we study history is because phenomena and ideas in the past are reflected in our present discussion however far they are from here, and are related to our daily lives. Therefore, this study will be a start to look at the neocolonial relationship in the new viewpoint which is still found in the current international relations.
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