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D. 캐머런의 ‘큰 사회론(Big Society)’과 영국 보수주의 전통

David Cameron’s Big Society and British Conservative Tradition

홍석민
영국사학회|2014.06|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제31호|pp. 261-295|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..31.201406.261

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대처주의‘Big Society‘큰 사회론’캐머런일국 보수주의(시민)사회버크류 보수주의David Cameron’ ThatcherismOne Nation Conservatism(civil) societyBurkean conservatism
주제분류역사학

초록

본고는 캐머런이 신노동당의 ‘제3의 길’의 정치적 성공에 대응하고자 보수당을 중도 내지 중도 우파로 이동시키려는 노력 속에서 개발한 ‘큰 사회론’이 과연 얼마나 보수주의 전통에 부합하는지를 탐구했다. ‘큰 사회론’은 경제적 성공과 사회정의의 중요성을 같이 강조하고서, 신노동당 하에서 커진 (복지)국가의 권력을 분산시켜 시민사회와 그 속의 지역 결사체와 개인에게 권력과 자유를 되돌려 주고, 이들로 하여금 사회개혁과 공공서비스를 제공하도록 했다. 이런 ‘큰 사회론’의 형성에는 버크류 보수주의, 행동경제학과 너지 이론, ‘공감적 보수주의’가 영향을 미쳤고, 여기에는 대처주의와 일국 보수주의의 여러 특성들도 ‘신노동당 효과’와 더불어 정치적․이념적 실용주의의 우산 속에 녹아들어가 있다. 언뜻 보기에 ‘큰 사회론’은 ‘경제와 유럽통합 면에서는 대처주의적이고 사회정책 면에서는 일국 보수주의적이지만, 자세히 보면, 이들 요소들은 보는 각도에 따라서 보수주의 전통에 부합하기도 또 위배되기도 한다. 특히 ‘큰 사회론’ 안에 대처주의 전통과 일국 보수주의 전통이 함께 자리하고 있다는 것은 ‘큰 사회론’이 중점을 두고 있는 ‘시민사회’ 자체가 고유의 제 기능을 하느냐 못 하느냐에 따라서 국가에게 ‘엄정한 중재자’로서 사회에 개입할 수도 있고 또 물러날 수도 있는 기능을 부여한 버크류 보수주의 전통의 덕이기도 하다. 이런 관점에서 봤을 때, ‘큰 사회론’은 보수주의 전통의 범주 내에 위치하고 있다.

Abstract

This paper aims to explore whether and how much the Big Society David Cameron championed as the basis of 21st Century British Conservatism follows British Conservative ideas. Cameron developed the Big Society as a third way between Thatcherism and One Nation Conservatism in order to respond to the political success of the New Labour’s ‘Third Way.’ He pointed out that Britain was ‘broken’ due to too much big a (welfare) state and its ensuing social ills such as lack of voluntary participation of individual citizens, disappearance of creativity, dependency on the state, dissolution of families, low level of social mobility, and poverty. The Big Society, as a breakthrough for breakdown Britain, focuses on decentralization of the state, giving power and freedom to (civil) society and civic associations, individuals, and (married) families, and thereby attempts to enable them to play the key role of providing public services. The Big Society expects the state to play the role of a servant to take financial burden for the provision of public services. The Big Society, drawing on Burkean conservatism, behavioral economics and nudge theory, and compassionate conservatism advocated by the Centre for Social Justice and Philip Blond who argued for ‘Red Toryism,’ absorbed diverse features of Thatcherism, One Nation Conservatism, and the so-called ‘New Labour effect.’ On the surface, it appears that the Big Society is Thatcherite in terms of economics and European integration, while it is more like One Nation Conservatism in terms of social policy. A closer look, however, reveals that a variety of traits of the Big Society’s diverse factors, according to viewpoints, sometimes accord with Conservative tradition and do not at other times. This phenomenon―particularly, one that both Thatcherism and One Nation Conservatism reside within the category of the Big Society―is possible due to the Burkean notion of society in which the state is to play the role of a strict arbitrator who would intervene in society when necessary and pull back when civic associations restore their own unique functions. Therefore, it can be said that the concept of the Big Society operates within the boundary of Conservatism, even though it needs a lot more political success in order to be firmly rooted in the Conservative tradition.

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