D. 캐머런의 ‘큰 사회론(Big Society)’과 영국 보수주의의 정치적 이미지 변화: 대처주의 우파에서 중도 우파로, 1997-2010
David Cameron’s ‘Big Society’ and the Shift in the Political Image of British Conservatism: From the Thatcherite Right to the Right of Centre, 1997-2010
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1997년 보수당은 대처주의 다수 우파와 일국사회주의 소수 좌파로 분열되고, 새로운 시대를 맞이할 비전과 정책, 유능한 리더십도 없는, 무능한 우파 정당으로 전락했었다. 그러나 지난 세기 전환기에 보수당에게 유리한 두 가지 변화가 일어났다. 사회정책을 둘러싸고 1) 보수당과 노동당을 중심으로 한 정치권의 ‘새로운 자유주의적 합의’와 2) 유권자 여론의 우경화가 발생한 것이다. 이런 구조적 요인에 더하여, 2005-2010년 사이에 보수당은 합리적이고 온건한 개혁가의 이미지를 갖춘 캐머런의 리더십 하에 ‘큰 사회론’을 통해 단합된 정당, 비전과 정책 및 이를 실현할 유능한 지도력을 갖춘 미래 지향적인 정당으로 거듭났다. 캐머런은 ‘큰 사회론’을 주창하면서, 보수당의 이미지를 경제적 성공·안정 중심의 정당이라는 협소한 범주를 넘어서서, 사회정의와 사회통합도 함께 추구하면서 21세기의 변화된 환경에 맞춰 삶의 질을 증진시킬 다양한 방법을 모색하는, 미래 지향적인 정당으로 변모시켰다. ‘큰 사회론’은 보수당을 기존의 대처주의 우파에서 중도 우파로 이동시켰으며, 무엇보다 분열된 보수당에 단합된 정당이라는 이미지도 부여했다. 그 결과, 보수당은 2010년 총선에서 영국 역사상 13년간에 걸친 최장기 노동당 집권 시기를 종식시킬 수 있는 강력하고 효율적인 대안 정당으로 부상했다.
Abstract
In 1997 the Conservatives were considered an incompetent right-wing political party which was divided into the Thatcherite right and One-nation Conservative left and which lacked proper policies, vision, and efficient leadership for the new coming century. However, at the turn of the last century, there arose two phenomena which worked in a way favorable to the Conservatives. Many Labour MPs made a rightward move and thereby came close to many Conservative MPs’s views of welfare and social policy, while they reached a ‘new liberal consensus.’ Simultaneously, public attitudes also shifted to the right in opinion on welfare and public services. In addition to such structural changes in politics and public opinion, between 2005 and 2010 David Cameron whose ‘Big Society’ provided him with a public persona of a rational and moderate reformer reshaped his party’s public image into one equipped with vision and policies as well as a competent leadership for the new century. By advocating the ‘Big Society’ which stressed the role of a smaller state and active citizens and communities in a ‘big’ society, Cameron successfully transformed the public image of the Conservatives from a party which cared only about economic success to a party of social justice and social inclusion as well as economic growth and stability—a forward-looking party which sought for a variety of ways of promoting quality of life in the 21st century. As a result, Cameron’s ‘Big Society’ made the Conservatives appear a re-united party and changed its political image from the Thatcherite right to the right of centre. In the 2010 election, the Conservatives emerged as a powerful and influential alternative to New Labour.
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