세기 전환기 아동이민(Child Emigration) - 제국의 구원인가? -
Child Migration at the Turn of the 20th Century: the Empire Rescuing Children?
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본고는 영제국 식민지 이민 확산의 조류 가운데 세기 전환기 일기 시작했던 아동이민 운동을 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위해 아동이민 협회들의 활동과 도일의 보고서 및 영상 작품들을 살펴보고, 아동이민과 제국주의 변화와의 관계를 관찰하고 있다. 이 연구로 본고는 영제국이 도시빈곤으로부터 아동들을 탈출시키기 위한 기본 환경과 개선을 제공하는 ‘구원의 힘’을 상징하고 있었다는 것을 확인하고 있다. 또한, 이 시기 영국 사회가 아동들을 적당한 보호아래 번영할 수 있는 제국의 일꾼으로 인식하고 있었다는 것을 관찰하고 있다. 따라서 제국주의의 확산과 함께 아동이민 운동이 증가하게 되었고, 이 과정에서 아동이민을 통한 박애주의적 활동의 기저에 있던 제국적 동기들이 ‘아동복지’라는 형태로 위장되고 있었다는 사실을 발견하고 있다. 이와 더불어 이 시기 아동이민의 실제는 ‘구원’이나 ‘복지’라기보다는 오히려 ‘수송’의 개념에 가까웠다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 그러므로 본고는 세기 전환기 아동이민이 굳건한 제국과 커몬웰스의 유기적 통합을 충족시키기 위해 이민대상 아동들에게는 폐해를 준 제국주의 기획의 하나였다는 것을 강조하고 있다.
Abstract
This essay investigates the child emigration movement among the diffusional flow of emigration to the British colonies at the turn of the 20th century. To examine this, it surveys the Doyle Report and recent films on this subject as well as the activities of related societies. And it also observes the relationship between the child emigration and the changes of the British imperialism. Through these studies, this essay finds that the empire represents a kind of ‘rescuing power’ to provide children better environment and lives, and to escape them from the impoverished condition of the city. It also discovers the fact that the British society of the period recognized its children as workers for the empire to find themselves to prosper while granting them proper protection. Thus this study presents that child emigration of this period was bound up with the expansion of British imperialism, and contends that there were imperialistic motives behind the philanthropic charitable works camouflaged as ‘child welfare.’ From these findings, this essay reveals that child emigration of the period was based on the concept of ‘transportation’ rather than ‘salvation’ or ‘welfare.’ The study therefore concludes that the emigration movement for children at the turn of the century was part of an imperial project to establish a strong empire and integrate the British Commonwealth, but which gave harmful consequences to these very objects.
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