동방문제(Eastern Question)와 영국의 키프로스(Cyprus) 점령으로 본 자유주의적 제국 정책
The Eastern Question and the Liberal Imperialism in the Occupation of Cyprus of the British Empire
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오스만튀르크 제국의 쇠퇴와 그에 따른 기존의 국제 권력 구조의 해체 문제를 핵심으로 하는 동방문제(Eastern Question)는 19세기 중후반 영국의 외교정책, 더 나아가 영제국의 향후 행보에 매우 심대한 영향을 미친 영국 대외 정책의 가장 큰 화두였다. 본 논문은 동방문제 해결책의 하나였던 1887년 영국의 키프로스 점령 사례를 통해 영제국의 역사에서 키프로스의 전략적·사회문화적 의의를 고찰한다. 영제국의 키프로스 획득은 동방문제의 핵심을 반영하는 사건이자, 당시 영국의 외교·제국 정책의 성격을 추출할 수 있는 중요한 사례로서 살펴볼 가치가 있다. 키프로스는 영국의 다른 식민지와는 달리 어떠한 무력 개입 없이 국제조약만으로 획득한 영토이며 다른 유럽 열강들과의 관계 속에 얽히지 않은 “처녀지(virgin land)”와 같은 곳으로 인식되었고, 영국은 자유주의적 제국주의의 이상인 “좋은 정부(good government)”를 실현하려고 했다. 본 논문 더 나아가 이러한 선량한 제국이라는 자유주의적 이데올로기가 1880년의 문턱에서 ‘신제국주의’ 시대로 나아가는 현실적 전략이기도 했다는 점을 지적하고자 한다.
Abstract
The Eastern Question, centered on the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the dissolution of the existing structure of international power, was the biggest topic that had a profound effect on British foreign policy in the late 19th century, and further on the future course of the British Empire. This paper examines the strategic and sociocultural significance of Cyprus in the history of the British Empire through the example of the British occupation of Cyprus in 1887, which was one of the solutions to the Eastern Question. The acquisition of Cyprus by the British Empire is an event that reflects the core of the Eastern issue and is an important example of the nature of British foreign and empire policy. Cyprus, unlike other colonies was a territory obtained by international treaty without any armed intervention. Thus, British politicians recognized it as a “virgin land” that was not entangled in relations with other European powers, and they tried to realize a “good government”, the ideal of liberal imperialism. Furthermore, I would like to point out that this liberal ideology of good empire was a realistic strategy to move from the threshold of 1880 to the age of ‘New Imperialism’.
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