중세 영국에서의 농민생산과 경제외적 강제 ―농업자본주의의 성장과 관련하여―
Peasant Production and Extra-Economic Coercion in Medieval England
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중세에 농민생산은 맬더스의 악순환을 낳는 경향이 있었던 것이다. 인구증가의 국면에서는 인구증가의 원인이 생계유지를 위한 경작지 면적의 감소에 있었기 때문에, 지대는 인구증가에도 불구하고 상승할 수 없었다. 실제로 지대는 인구증가에도 불구하고 고정되거나 오히려 하락하였고, 이러한 측면은 농민들로 하여금 그들의 보유지에 대한 실질적인 소유권을 장악하게 만드는 경향이 있었다. 대륙에서는 영주들이 공권영주권의 행사로 이러한 상황에 대처하였지만, 영국에서는 왕권이 와해되지 않았고 따라서 영주들은 공권영주권에 의존할 수 없었다. 따라서 영국 영주들은 잉여 수탈을 위해 가내영주권에 눈을 돌리지 않을 수 없었다. 이러한 상황으로부터 등장해나온 사법적 예농제는 차지인들이 실질적인 토지소유권을 장악하지 못하도록 가로막고, 예농들로 하여금 그들의 보유지를 수익의 원천으로 간주하도록 만들었으며, 따라서 농업 자본주의의 형성에서 매우 중요한 역할을 하였다. 그러나 진정한 의미에서의 농업 자본주의가 등장하려면 그에 앞서 예농제에 수반되었던 관습적인 토지보유가 타파되어야만 했다. 이러한 의미에서 농업 자본주의는 예농제가 무너진 뒤에야 비로소 등장할 수 있었지만, 그 이유는 예농제가 영주들로 하여금 예농들을 무한정 수탈할 수 있게 만들었기 때문이 아니라, 예농들이 그들이 보유한 관습적인 토지보유권으로 말미암아 농민생산의 틀을 뛰어넘을 수 없었기 때문이었다.
Abstract
In Middle Ages peasants produced crops by their family labour and for subsistence of the family. The family economy was the unit of production and consumption, and at the same time the unit of expolitation by lords. Peasant production in this sense was directed to subsistence of family, therefore the improvement of productivity by more effective agricultural technology reduced the size of land for subsistence and gave rise to the population increase. However, the increase of population eventually led to the overpopulaion, which in turn incurred the level of technology to decline. Then, the lowering level of technology enlarged the size of land for subsistence and led to the population decrease. In short, Peasant production tended to cause the Malthusian vicious cycle. Because, in the phase of increasing popualtion, the cause of the increase was the reduced size of land for subsistence, rents could not rise in spite of the increasing population. Actually, rents were fixed or declined in spite of increasing population, and this aspect had the tendency for peasants to grasp virtual ownership of their holdings. In Continent lords coped with this situation by the exercise of ban lordship, but in England the royal power was not disturbed and lords could not depend on ban lordship. Therefore they should appeal to domestic lordship for extraction of surplus. The judical serfdom which emerged from this situation, prevented the tenants from taking the virtual ownership of holdings, made serfs to regard their holdings as the source of profits, and therefore played very important part in the formation of agricultural capitalism. However, customary rights of holdings with which serfdom was accompanied should be destroyed before the emergence of agricultural capitalism in its real sense. In this meaning, agricultural capitaism could emerge only after the breakdown of serfdom, however not because serfdom made it possible for lords to exploit serfs undefinitely, but because serfs could not overcome the framework of peasant production owing to the customary rights held by them.
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