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조지프 체임벌린의 후기 사상―집단주의적 자유주의에서 파시즘적 대안으로―

Joseph Chamberlain’s Thought in His Later Years―From Collectivistic Liberalism to a Kind of Fascism―

김명환
영국사학회|2013.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제30호|pp. 203-236|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..30.201312.203

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참고문헌

키워드

실업Unemployment제국주의Imperialism파시즘FascismSocial Reform관세개혁Tariff Reform사회 개혁조지프 체임벌린관세개혁연맹영국민족모슬리Joseph ChamberlainTariff Reform LeagueBritish RaceMosley
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초록

체임벌린은 흔히 좌파에서 시작해 우파로 변신한 정치인으로 간주된다. 1870년대 버밍엄 시장 시절 그의 정책에 대해서는 자치시 사회주의(municipal socialism)라는 꼬리표가 따라다녔다. 하지만 1890년대로 가며 그는 보수당과 손을 잡았고 제국주의를 옹호하는 등 급진 우파로 간주되었기 때문이다. 그러나 그의 사상과 행적에 대한 검토는 그가 후기에도 초기의 개혁적 입장을 버리지 않았음을 보여주고 있다. 그는 좌파적 입장을 버리지 않으면서 우파적 요소들을 수용하고 있는 셈이다. 이를 설명할 수 있는 방법은 그의 사상을 파시즘의 한 형태로 이해하는 것이다. 이런 방식의 설명만이 교육법, 노령연금법, 특권의 배제, 노동계급에 대한 배려, 농업노동자에 대한 관심을 가진 체임벌린과 영국민족의 이익을 강조하고, 정복전쟁을 미화하며, 인종적 차별과 위대한 제국을 주장하는 체임벌린을 함께 이해할 수 있다. 아울러 그의 사상이 산업이 쇠퇴하고 있고 실업의 위험이 증가하고 있는 영국 환경의 산물이기도 했다는 점이 지적되어야 할 것이다. 그의 사상은 30년 후 대공황기에 출현한 모슬리의 파시즘과 유사한 점을 많이 가지고 있다.

Abstract

Joseph Chamberlain is frequently regarded as an inconsistent politician who moved from the left to the right in the political theater. He has implemented the reformist policy in Birmingham that was dubbed as “municipal socialism.” But he had cooperated with the Conservative Party and advocated the imperial policy in his later years. In spite of this political shift in outward appearance he didn’t abandon the early reformist attitude through all his life. He is accepting the arguments of the right wing without excluding the left wing ideas. The only way to explain this strange mixture of conflicting attitudes is to understand his thought as a kind fascism. By this interpretation we can understand both his deep concerns on education act, old age pension, labour problem, agricultural labourers and his emphasis on British race, imperial patriotism and racial discrimination. Although his ideas could be regarded as a kind of fascism it should be noted that his thoughts would be distinguished from the fascist ideas of other countries in Europe as Mosley’s fascism that emerged 30 years later was also different from the continental fascism. Although we should take into consideration that Chamberlain’s emphasis on British race and patriotism was influenced by his unique characteristics and personalities, the condition of British society was also important to the emergence of Chamberlain’s idea. Fascism could be interpreted as a product of capitalism. Depression and mass unemployment was the second wave of shock that came from the structural inconsistency of capitalism after industrialization while the problem of poverty and working class was the first outcome of industrialization. Socialism has emerged as a prescription for the evils and problems that came from the first outcome of industrialization. Fascism was invented as a cure for the second crisis of contradictory condition that was created by industrialization. As Britain was the first country that was industrialized in Europe, it was natural that the socialist thoughts and movements emerged and became conspicuous earlier in Europe. Consequentially Britain was most liable to the second crisis of mass unemployment. Chamberlain vividly predicted the danger of mass unemployment at the time when Tariff Reform movements had begun. Although he didn’t use the word of fascism, his policy and arguments that stressed the interests of British race was not so different from the contentions of Mosley’s fascism. As it is not strange that socialism emerged first in Britain, it’s also not strange that fascist idea began first in Britain.

참고문헌 (39)

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