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영국 자유당의 몰락, 우연인가 필연인가? -계급정치의 한계를 넘어서, 1900-18-

The Decline of the British Liberal Party -Accidental or Inevitable, 1900-18?-

홍석민
영국사학회|2008.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제20호|pp. 271-298|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..20.200812.271

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참고문헌

키워드

신자유주의1차 대전New Liberalism자유당의 몰락노동당의 발흥‘우연론’ 학파‘필연론’ 학파‘진보동맹’선거권 요소Decline of The LiberalsRise of Labour‘Accidentalist’ School‘Inevitablist’ School‘Progressive Alliance’Franchise FactorWorld War One
주제분류역사학

초록

20세기 초 영국 정치에서 자유당의 몰락과 노동당의 발흥이라는 역사적 현상에 대해, ‘필연론’ 학파의 주장과 달리 자유당은 1차 대전 전에 몰락하도록 운명이 결정되어 있지 않았다. 당시 자유당은 독자적인 신자유주의 이념에 기초한 개혁 정책과 전통적 자유주의를 적절히 조화시킴으로써 당의 내적 통일성을 유지했고, 자유당이 노동당과 함께 결성했던 반(反)보수연합 세력이었던 ‘진보동맹’은 영국의 많은 지역에서 활발하게 작동했다. 자유당의 이런 이념적·조직적 강건함은, ‘선거권 요소’를 둘러싼 계속되는 논쟁에도 불구하고, 전쟁 전의 총선, 보궐선거, 지방선거 결과에 의해서도 입증된다. ‘우연론’ 학파의 주장처럼, 자유당은 궁극적으로 1차 대전, 특히 전쟁 중의 이념과 정책의 혼란, 1916년의 분당과 이어진 보수당과의 연정을 통한 우경화로 인해 이념, 정책, 조직 면의 일신에 실패하고 개혁정당으로서의 정체성을 상실하면서 몰락했던 것이며, 이로써 만들어진 좌파의 빈 공간을 노동당이 전후에 메우게 되었던 것이다. 그러나 양 학파, 특히 ‘필연론’ 학파의 연구는 주로 계급정치에 기초해 있다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 두 정당이 계급은 물론 젠더, 지역성, 세대, 종파, 제국, 인종, 민족성 등의 각종 범주와 맺고 있던 관계도 함께 고려할 때, 이 역사적 현상에 대한 보다 명확하고 풍부한 이해가 가능할 것이다.

Abstract

Why did the once great governing Liberal Party collapse dramatically some time after 1914, being replaced during the 1920s by the emerging Labour Party as the main party of the left in Britain? Contrary to the arguments of the ‘inevitablist’ school, the Liberals were not doomed to decline before 1914. The Edwardian Liberals maintained their internal unity in spite of various comprising elements within the party by their balanced appeal to them between issues of traditional Liberalism and reform policies based on New Liberalism which had its own ideology. In addition, the Lib-Lab Progressive Alliance worked very well as the most successful anti-Conservative force in many parts of Britain before the First World War. Such vitality and strength of the Party in terms of ideology and organization, despite the ongoing debate on the ‘franchise factor’ between the ‘inevitablist’ and ‘accidentalist’ schools, were confirmed by the results of the contemporary local elections and by-elections as well as general elections. However, as the ‘accidentalist’ school argued, the Liberal Party collapsed due to the war during which it went through a fatal split in 1916 and moved to the right through a ‘coupon arrangement’ with the Conservatives in 1918. As a result, the Party collapsed, failing to reformulate its ideology, policies, and organization and thereby losing its prewar identity as a practical, responsible, and effective party of reform. Labour emerged as the strongest party on the left after the war more by way of default and by filling a vacuum left by the Liberals, than by scoring a victory over them in a contest of creeds. Studies of the two schools, particularly those of the ‘inevitablist’ school, were grounded on various analyses of class politics. However, in order to get a more complete understanding of the reason(s) for the replacement of the Liberals by Labour, it is necessary to take into the two schools’ consideration such sociological categories as gender, empire, race, ethnicity, locality, generation, etc.

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관련 논문AI추천

영국의 신자유주의와 자유당의 사회개혁입법(1908-1914)오인영영국사학회 · 영국연구2001 · 제5권 영국 민주화의 이념적 지형 1880-1928: 자유주의와 그 후예들이화용사회과학연구소 · 사회과학연구2007 · 제15권 제1호“노동불안(Labour Unrest, 1911-14)”과 영국 사회의 위기김명환영국사학회 · 영국연구2007 · 제17호영국 보수주의 사상의 형성과 진화: ‘변화에 대한 태도’를 중심으로김비환한국정치외교사학회 · 한국정치외교사논총2011 · 제32권 제2호정당정치와 계급정치: '노동 없는 민주주의'의 예외성에 관한 고찰김수진한국세계지역학회 · 세계지역연구논총2008 · 제26권 제3호영국 에드워드기의 급진 우파 ―보수당의 분열과 우파의 급진화―김명환영국사학회 · 영국연구2005 · 제13호

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