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복음주의 노예무역 폐지론자들의 도덕 자본(Moral Capital)과 종말론적 위기의식

Evangelical Abolitionists’ Moral Capital and an Apocalyptic Sense of Crisis

윤영휘
영국사학회|2012.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제28호|pp. 131-164|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..28.201212.131

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복음주의노예무역 폐지운동Evangelicalismthe American RevolutionAbolitionist Movement도덕 자본Moral Capital미국 독립 혁명종말론적 위기의식Apocalyptic Sense of Crisis
주제분류역사학

초록

이 논문은 18세기 말 영 제국의 위기상황이 노예무역 폐지운동에 참여한 이들에게 도덕적 위신이라는 자산을 부여하면서 동시에 그들의 심성 속에 국가적 심판을 두려워하는 위기의식을 형성했던 이중적 과정을 종합적으로 해석하려는 시도이다. 이와 관련해 이글은 다음의 세 가지 사항을 설명하고 있다. 첫 번째로, 미국 독립 혁명을 시작으로 영 제국이 겪은 일련의 위기상황 속에서, 반 노예무역 수사는 여러 정치적 목적 달성에 유용한 수단이 되었다. 두 번째로, 제국의 위기상황은 복음주의 노예무역 폐지론자들이 노예제도라는 “악행”을 이 일련의 사건들과 연결 지어 생각하게 만들었다. 국가가 위기에 처해있다는 위기의식은 많은 복음주의자들이 임박한 심판을 피하기 위해 구체적인 행동에 나설 동기를 부여하였다. 마지막으로, 도덕 자본이 암시하는 물질적 이익을 반 노예제 운동가들의 주된 행동 동기로 그리는 일부 역사가들의 견해와 달리, 이 글은 종말론적 위기의식을 가지고 있던 노예무역 폐지운동가들에게는 도덕적 위신이 국가에 찾아온 위기 상황을 피하기 위해 행동을 하는 동안 얻어진 파생적 결과물이었음을 강조한다. 18세기 말 제국의 위기 상황 속에서 복음주의 노예무역 폐지론자들의 심성 안에서는 이렇게 도덕 자본과 위기의식이 역동적으로 결합하고 있었으며 이는 이들이 노예무역 폐지를 위한 구체적인 행동을 시작하게 만든 동기로써 작용하였다.

Abstract

This research scrutinizes a dual process that antislavery offered a moral distinction or “moral capital” to its participants while the apocalyptic sense of crisis of evangelicals was also intensified in the atmosphere of tension and conflict caused by the American Revolution. For this purpose, this paper proceeds through three sections. Firstly, this shows that during the years of crisis in the late eighteenth century, attacks on slavery became a means to achieve multiple political ends. The late eighteenth-century environment opened a door for abolitions to gain this ‘moral capital’, campaigning with religious and moral purpose, as well as for political objectives on a national level. Secondly, this examines the formative process of evangelical sense of crisis. The American War of Independence, the dissolution of the British Empire in North America and the Napoleonic War made people connect the ‘iniquity’ of slavery to these national events. The sense that the nation was facing the divine wrath, and thus had to repent, motivated evangelicals’ practical action to avoid this ‘judgment’. Lastly, this research shapes the relationship between moral capital and the religious sense of crisis. In contrast to some historians’ views which depict material interests caused by moral capital as the main motivation for abolitionists, this paper argues, that for many abolitionists, particularly those who had an evangelical sense of crisis, moral capital was rather an outgrowth which they held while taking practical action against slavery to avoid divine judgment. Research on the combination of moral capital and evangelical sense of crisis will show the religious aspects of what continually led evangelical abolitionists to take practical action until the emancipation.

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