대서양 좌측통행 : 2차 세계대전 이후 미국 민주당 진보파와 영국 노동당 좌파는 어디서 만났는가?
The Third Force in the Atlantic : The Ideological Convergence of the British Labour Socialists and American Democratic Left in the Early Cold War Era
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 글은 2차 세계대전 직후 영국 노동당 좌파와 미국 민주당 진보파 사 이의 교류와 그것이 양국 정치에 미친 영향을 탐구한다. 이들 영미 진보정 치세력 사이의 교류는 제 3세력이라는 개념을 정치지리학적 전략으로부터 정치경제학적 이념으로 재해석하는 과정이었다. 1940년대 중반 노동당 좌 파 의원들은 영국이 미국과 소련 사이에 제 3세력을 건설해야 한다고 주장 했다. 이는 자본주의와 공산주의 사이에서 사회주의라는 대안을 제시해야 한다는 이념적 선언임과 동시에, 영국이 미소 간 냉전에서 독립된 서유럽 을 이끌어야 한다는 외교 전략이었다. 냉전 초기 미국인들에게 서유럽의 중립이란 도저히 수용할 수 없는 선택지였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 민주당 진보파는 정치경제학적 측면에서만큼은 미국이 영국 노동당을 좇아 자본주 의와 공산주의 사이에 난 제 3의 길을 추구해야 한다고 설파했다. 이러한 모습은 노동당으로 하여금 미국 주도의 냉전 질서를 보다 쉽게 받아들일 수 있게 만들었다. 만약 노동당이 끝까지 냉전을 거부한 채 독립된 서유럽 의 정치지리학을 고수했다면, 만약 민주당이 미국의 예외성을 내세우며 사 회주의의 정치경제학을 외면했다면, 클레멘트 애틀리와 해리 트루먼이 양 국에서 추진했던 일련의 개혁 과제들은 훨씬 더 험난한 과정을 겪어야 했 을 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 이들 영미 진보정치세력 사이의 ‘대서양 좌측 통행’은 자본주의의 착취와 공산주의의 압제 사이에 새로운 길을 개척하기 위한 이념적 노력이자 냉전의 척박한 토양에서 두 나라 사이의 ‘특별한 관 계’를 키워 나갔던 외교적 움직임이었다고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
This essay explores the transatlantic interaction between the liberals of the American Democratic Party and socialists of the British Labour Party in the years following World War Ⅱ. Drawing on evidence from archival collections in both countries as well as newspapers, personal memoirs, and party records, this essay demonstrates that these Anglo-American progressive political forces had converged on a similar position at the onset of the Cold War. At the heart of their ideological convergence was the reinterpretation of the “Third Force” from a form of political geography to that of political economy. Coined by the British Labour leader Aneurin Bevan during WWII, the Third Force originally connoted an ambitious diplomatic strategy, envisioning Britain-led “socialist Europe” that would be autonomous from capitalist America and communist Russia. In the late 1940s, a group of American liberal Democrats, especially those from the Americans for Democratic Action, recast the Third Force. They heartedly embraced the Third Force’s ideological dimension—democratic socialism between capitalism and communism—while rejecting its diplomatic implication—an independent Europe neutral in the Cold War. Through their transatlantic conversation, the British socialists had gradually approached to the logic of their American friends, assuming that the Anglo-American democratic left could together construct a progressive third force across the Atlantic Ocean rather than Western Europe. Since the liberals and socialists were key members of the ruling party in each country, their convergence made significant influence on the course of progressive politics in the United States and Britain. The Democratic Party pushed Harry Truman’s Fair Deal accepting the Labour Party’s political economy of democratic socialism, while the Clement Attlee government advanced a socialist experiment within the Cold War political geography of the free world.
참고문헌 (56)
- "Americans for Democratic Action Records (microfilm)", Wisconsin Historical Society, ~
- "Arthur Schlesinger Jr Papers", John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, ~
- "Bryn J. Hovde Papers", Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, ~
- "British Labour Party Papers, 1906-1969 (digital microform)", British Online Archives, ~
- "Harry S. Truman Papers", Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, ~
- "Cabinet Papers. Documents on British Policy Overseas (digital microform)", National Archives, ~
- "W. Averell Harriman Papers", Library of Congress, ~
- "Life Magazine", ~
- "New Left Review", ~
- "New Statesman", ~
- "Newsweek", ~
- "New York Times", ~
- "Partisan Review", ~
- "The Economist", ~
- "The Listener", ~
- "The Nation", ~
- "The Spectator", ~
- "Tribune", ~
- "Vogue", ~
- Addison, Paul, "No Turning Back: The Peacetime Revolutions of Postwar Britain" (2010), Oxford University Press
- Ashworth, Lucian M, "International Relations and the Labour Party" (2007), I. B. Tauris
- Bell, Jonathan, "The Liberal State on Trial : The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years" (2004), Columbia University Press
- Bew, John, "Clement Attlee : The Man who Made Modern Britain" (2017), Oxford University Press
- Black, Allida M, "Casting Her Own Shadow : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Shaping of Postwar Liberalism" (1996), Columbia University Press
- Bowles, Chester, "Saving American Capitalism : A Liberal Economic Program" (1948), Knopf
- Callaghan, John, "The Labour Party and Foreign Policy" (2007), Routledge
- Corthorn, Paul, "The British Labour Party and the Wider World" (2008), I. B. Tauris
- Cowie, Jefferson, "The Great Exception : The New Deal and the Limits of American Politics" (2016), Princeton University Press
- Crossman, R. H. S., "Keep Left" (1947), New Statesman and Nation
- Crossman, R. H. S., "Keeping Left" (1950), New Statesman and Nation
- Crossman, "The Politics of Socialism" (1950), Atheneum
- Dalton, Hugh, "Memoirs" (1953), Muller
- Devine, Thomas, "Henry Wallace’s 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism" (2013), The University of North Carolina Press
- Dutton, David, "British Politics Since 1945 : The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus" (1997), Blackwell
- Foot, Michael, "Aneurin Bevan : A Biography" (1962), Macgibbon &Kee
- Fox, Richard Wightman, "Reinhold Niebuhr : A Biography" (1985), Pantheon Books
- Gillon, Steven M, "Politics and Vision : The ADA and American Liberalism, 1947-1985" (1987), Oxford University Press
- Hamby, Alonzo L., "Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism" (1974), Columbia University Press
- Jones, Peter, "America and the British Labour Party : the"Special Relationship"at Work" (1997), I. B. Tauris
- Kennedy, David M, "Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945" (1999), Oxford University Press
- Kloppenberg, James T, "Uncertain Victory : Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920" (1986), Cambridge University Press
- Mason, Robert, "The Liberal Consensus Reconsidered: American Politics and Society in the Postwar Era" (2017), University Press of Florida
- Morgan, Kenneth O., "Britain Since 1945: The People’s Peace" (2001), Oxford University Press
- Rice, Daniel, "Reinhold Niebuhr and His Circle of Influence" (2013), Cambridge University Press
- Rodgers, Daniel T, "Atlantic Crossings : Social Politics in a Progressive Age" (1998), Belknap
- Ross, Irwin, "The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948" (1968), New American Library
- Schlesinger Jr., Arthur, "The Vital Center : The Politics of Freedom" (1949)
- Schlesinger Jr., Arthur, "A Life in the Twentieth Century" (2000)
- Stears, Marc, "Progressives, Pluralists, and the Problems of the State : Ideologies of Reform in the United States and Britain, 1909-1926" (2004), Oxford University Press
- Taylor, Peter J, "Britain and the Cold War" (1990), Pinter
- Todman, Daniel, "Britain’s War : A New World, 1942-1947" (2020), Oxford University Press
- Vickers, Rhiannon, "The Labour Party and the World" (2003), Manchester University Press
- Wall, Wendy, "Inventing the ‘American Way’: The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement" (2008), Oxford University Press
- Waren, Frank A., "Noble Abstractions: American Liberal Intellectuals and World War II" (1999), Ohio State University Press
- Weiler, Peter, "British Labour and the Cold War" (1988), Stanford University Press
- Kim, Ilnyun, "Modern Intellectual History", pp.1~24 (2020)