Postwar Anglo-American Relations in the Middle East and the Suez Crisis of 1956
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이 논문은 1956년에 발생한 수에즈 위기를 중심으로 전후 영미관계를 추적한다. 영국과 미국은 2차 대전의 동맹국이었을 뿐만 아니라 전후 냉전의 전개에 따라 더욱 긴밀한 관계를 유지했다. 그렇기 때문에 수에즈 위기는 전후 양국의 관계뿐만 아니라 전후 세계질서에 대한 양국의 태도와 견해를 살펴보게 하는 중대한 역사적 사건이다. 여기에는 수에즈 사태가 상징하는 영국의 식민주의 전통과 이에 맞서 세계질서의 새로운 강자로 등장하는 미국의 태도가 맞닿는 세계사적 의미가 포함된다. 이러한 역사성 때문에 수에즈의 진실에 대한 접근은 끊임없이 이루어졌다. 이 논문은 최근에 공개된 미국무부 자료에 근거해서 수에즈 위기와 관련된 주요한 의문들을 재검토한다. 특히 중동에 대한 양국 지도자들의 시각과 냉전과 수에즈 위기와의 관계를 살펴보며, 세계사의 흐름에서 수에즈 위기를 보는 가장 일반적이고 바람직한 시각이 무엇인가에 대한 제언을 한다.
Abstract
This paper examines the Suez Crisis with the prism of postwar Anglo-American relations, with major attention being given to the Anglo-American relations in regard to the Middle East. The British leaders knew that they would not solve the crisis by force alone without support, or acquiescence at least, of the United States, and that their counterparts in Washington would no way to accept the use of force. Nevertheless, they did what they had to do with a mind set in which whether or not they could get hold of traditional power of Great Britain. From the perspective of the United States, the Suez Crisis was the colonial fallout that the U.S. had to clean up. As long as the leaders in Washington viewed the development in the Middle East as a colonial question in essence, it was inevitable to anticipate that Britain and the United States would collide at some point. It was just a matter of when and where. The Suez Crisis was both climax and catharsis of Anglo-American uneasiness over the Middle East since the end of the Second World War. One has to be careful when relating the Suez Crisis to the Cold War, no matter how convenient it could serve. From the beginning to the end, Eisenhower had followed the crisis with an assertion that the canal question was a colonial question. It was true that Washington was worried about the Soviet involvement in the crisis as an active defense of Cairo throughout the crisis. Yet, one has to look at Anglo-American conflicts over the Suez Crisis in the big picture of civilization. Suez occurred at a historic crossroad where Britain’s imperial power was on its decline, while America was on the rise as a new leading world power even in the Middle East, the symbolic region of the last major British colonial stronghold.
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