품격이 필요해: 엘리아스의 『문명화 과정』과 18세기 영국의 매너
Requesting for Politeness : Elias’s Civilizing Process and British Manners of the 18th Century
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 글은 18세기 예법서 세 권—소년 소녀를 위한 예절 교본인 『품격 있는 아카데미』; 에라스무스 존스가 벼락출세한 사람을 위해 쓴 『매너 있는 사람』; 사무엘 리처드슨의 서간문범(書簡文範) 『특별한 친구에게 쓰는 편지들』—을 분석한 것이다. 17세기부터 프랑스 궁정 매너가 유럽 전역으로 별다른 저항 없이 사회 저변부로 퍼져나갔다는 노르베르트 엘리어스의 도식과 달리, 이 사료들은 18세기 영국에서 중간계급을 위한 새롭고 다양한 형태의 매너가 생겨났음을 증명한다. 프랑스의 영향을 받은 예법도 일부 존재했지만, 전반적으로 영국 중간계급의 매너는 겉치레를 경계하며 단순성과 진정성, 타인에 대한 배려를 강조하는 것이었다. 이들 예법서는 상업 사회와 사회적 이동성에 대한 분명한 자각을 드러내는 한편, 품격 있는 매너가 공동체의 화합과 발전을 가져올 중요한 수단임을 강조한다. 그것이 바로 18세기 정치담론 폴라이트니스 논쟁을 촉발한 매너가 영국성 및 애국 담론과 연결되는 지점이다.
Abstract
This article analyses three courtesy books of the 18th century — the propriety text for young gentlemen and ladies, The Polite Academy; Erasmus Jones’s conduct manual for social upstart, The Man of Manners, or Plebeian Polish’d; Samuel Richardson’s letter-writing manual, Letters Written to and for Particular Friends. These sources prove the existence of a variety of new manners for the middle class in 18th century Britain, challenging Norbert Elias’s argument that French courtly manners of the 17th century were spread down to all over Europe without any notable resistance. Although British manners contained some French influences, the manners of the middle class despised the superficiality of French manners, and accentuated the simplicity, sincerity and concern for others. While these texts reveal the awareness of commercial society and social mobility, they also emphasize the idea that polite manners were the important means to unite and ameliorate the commonwealth. That is where manners, which prompted the politeness debate in the political thought of the 18th century, are associated with the British character and patriotic discourses.
참고문헌 (43)
- "The Polite Academy, or School of Behavior for Young Gentlemen and Ladies"
- Blackstone, William, "Commentaries on the Laws of England. Vol. 3", Clarendon Press
- Erasmus, Desiderius, "De Civilitate Morum Puerilium"
- Cooper, Anthony Ashley, "Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. vol. 1"
- Gailhard, Jean, "A Treatise concerning the Education of Youth. The Second Part. About their Breeding Abroad"
- Gallini, Giovanni, "Andrea Treatise on the Art of Dancing"
- Gough, John, "The Academy of Complements, or, A new way of wooing wherein is variety of love-letters"
- Hurd, Richard, "Dialogue concerning the Uses of Foreign Travel"
- Jones, Erasmus, "The Man of Manners, or Plebeian Polish’d"
- Locke, John, "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" (2017), Bibong Publishing Co
- Millar, John, "An Historical View of the English Government, from the Settlement of the Saxons in Britain to the Revolution in 1688. vol. 4" (1803), J. Mawman
- Montagu, Mary Wortley, "The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 3 vols" (1965), Clarendon Press
- Ramsay, Andrew Michael, "A Plan of Education for a Young Prince"
- Richardson, Samuel, "Letters Written to and for Particular Friends, on the Most Important Occasions"
- Stanhope, Philip Dormer, "4th Earl of Chesterfield, Letters of Lord Chesterfield" (1929), Oxford University Press
- Bannet, E. T., "Empire of Letters: Letter Manuals and Transatlantic Correspondence, 1680-1820" (2005), Cambridge University Press
- Brant, Clare, "Eighteenth-Century Letters and British Culture" (2006), Palgrave Macmillan
- Carter, Philip, "Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, Britain, 1660-1800" (2001), Longman
- Cho, Seung Rae, "State and Liberty: A Study of Modern Political Discourse in the West" (1998), Cheongju University Press
- Elias, Norbert, "Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen. Band 1: Wandlungen des Verhaltens in den weltlichen Oberschichten des Abendlandes" (1996), Hangilsa
- Elias, Norbert, "Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen. Band 2: Wandlungen der Gesellschaft: Entwurf zu einer Theorie der Zivilisation" (1999), Hangilsa
- Foucault, Michel, "Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison" (1995), Vintage
- Le Goff, Jacques, "Medieval Civilization, 400-1500" (1990), Blackwell
- "Urizen Books Catalog" (1977), Urizen Books
- Withey, Alun, "Technology, Self Fashioning and Politeness: Refined Bodies" (2015), Palgrave
- Aya, Rod, "Norbert Elias and “The Civilizing Process”", Theory and Society, 5(2), pp.219~228 (1978)
- "Do eighteenth-century sources support the concept of a ‘polite body’?" (2018)[URL]
- Carter, Philip, "Polite ‘Persons’: Character, Biography and the Gentleman", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 12, pp.333~354 (2002)
- Cerqueiro, Fátima Faya, "Letter-writing Manuals and the Evolution of Requests Markers in the Eighteenth Century", BIBLID, pp.295~318 (2011)
- Childs, Fenela Ann, "Prescriptions for Manners in English Courtesy Literature, 1690-1760, and their Social Implications", Ph.D, pp.1984
- 조승래, "누가 자유주의를 두려워하랴? - 공화주의, 공동체주의, 공화주의 -", 역사와 담론, (54), pp.273~298 (2009), 호서사학회
- 조승래, "공화국과 공화주의", 역사학보, (198), pp.227~254 (2008), 역사학회
- Gordon, Daniel, "“Public Opinion” and the Civilizing Process in France: The Example of Morellet", Eighteenth-Century Studies, 22(3), pp.302~328 (1989)
- Klein, Lawrence E., "Liberty, Manners, and Politeness in Early Eighteenth-Century England", The Historical Journal, 32(3), pp.583~605 (1989)
- Klein, Lawrence E., "Politeness and the Interpretation of the British Eighteenth Century", The Historical Journal, 45(4), pp.869~898 (2002)
- Langford, Paul, "British Politeness and the Progress of Western Manners: An Eighteenth-Century Enigma", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 7, pp.53~72 (1997)
- Linklater, Andrew, "Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations", History and Theory, 49(3), pp.384~411 (2010)
- Myers, Victoria, "Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson, Model Letters, Moral Living: Letter-Writing Manuals by Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson", Huntington Library Quarterly, 66(3, pp.4) (2003), 373~391
- Porter, Roy, "Higher Stages of Enlightenment (John Walsh와의 인터뷰)", The Independent, ~ (2000)
- Tosh, John, "Gentlemanly Politeness and Manly Simplicity in Victorian England", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 12, pp.455~472 (2002)
- Whyman, Susan E., "Letter Writing and the Rise of the Novel: The Epistolary Literacy of Jane Johnson and Samuel Richardson", Huntington Library Quarterly, 70(4), pp.577~606 (2007)
- Wouters, Cas, "How Civilizing Processes Continued: Towards an Informalization of Manners and a Third Nature Personality", The Sociological Review, 59, pp.140~159 (2011)
- Ylivuori, Soile, "A Polite Foucault?: Eighteenth-Century Politeness as a Disciplinary System and Practice of the Self", Cultural History, 3(2), pp.170~189 (2014)