19세기 영국의 자선 재고(再考): 빈민방문 에티켓을 중심으로
Rethinking Philanthropy in 19th Century England: The Charitable Visitors’ Etiquette
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이 논문은 19세기 영국사의 주요 화두였던 자선과 복지정책의 관계를 재검토한 연구로 자선 방문 핸드북을 분석하여 당시 자선의 실제 양상을 미시적으로 접근한다. 18세기 말부터 급속하게 전파된 의무의 종교인 복음주의는 자선을 고양하며 ‘방문 운동’을 일으켰고, 구역방문의 전통은 곧 구빈원과 감옥 등의 시설 방문으로 이어졌다. 동시에 수많은 자선협회가 설립되면서 이해관계의 충돌 및 빈민들 사이에 중복 수혜나 누락 등의 다양한 문제가 발생했다. 이를 조율하려는 자선조직협회(COS)가 출범했으며 자발적인 봉사자가 아닌 전문적 방문 요원인 우애방문원을 양산하기에 이른다. 빈민 방문 에티켓은 당시 방문자와 빈민 사이에 소통의 어려움 등의 다양한 문제들이 존재했음을 드러내 준다. 폴라이트니스(politeness) 개념에 기반한 빈민 방문 에티켓은 효율적인 자선활동의 방식을 제안하는 동시에 중간계급의 도덕적, 문화적으로 우월성을 강화하는 장치였다. 나아가 자선조직협회가 개발한 가정방문, 조사, 기록, 면담 정의 정교한 기술은 이후 사회복지사 및 개별사회사업의 원형을 이루게 된다. 자선 행위를 복지국가의 발달과정에서 공적 구제에 밀려 사라져가는 요소로 파악했던 학계의 전반적 인식과는 다르게 사적 차원의 자선, 특히 자선 방문은 19세기 영국의 자선 전반에서 매우 중요한 위치를 차지했다.
Abstract
This article re-examine the relationship between the charity and welfare policy, one of the major historical subjects in 19th century Britain. The main sources of this investigation are charitable visitors’ handbooks which enable us to approach the nature of charity rather microscopically of that period. The surge of Evangelicalism, the religion of duty, initiated the visitation movement, and it activated the district visiting and the visitation of such institutions as workhouses and prison. The establishment of the Charity Organization Society(COS) was to mediate numerous voluntary societies’ interest and to regulate problems of overlapping or omission of service. The COS eventually cultivated the professional visitors, the Friendly Visitor. The charitable visitors’ handbooks reveal the very existence of problems between the poor and the visitor including communication difficulties. The visitation etiquette which conceptualizes ‘politeness,’ not only guided more efficient charity work but also enhanced the moral and cultural superiority of the middle class. The COS’ sophisticated visiting manuals and techniques that comprised home visit, survey, recording, and interview became the basic tactics of modern social workers and case workers. While scholars often view that private charity was degenerating in the development of the Welfare State this article demonstrates that the individual charity, the charitable visit in particular, played a significant role in 19th century British Philanthropy.
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