고건축보호협회(SPAB)로 본 영국 보존주의운동의 성격
The Characteristics of the British Conservationist Movement through the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings(SPAB)
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초록
19세기 영국에서는 문화계에 두 가지 흐름이 공존했다. 우선 이미 18세기 말에 등장한 ‘고딕부흥(Gothic Revival)’이라는 중세 유산에 대한 재평가와 유행의 흐름이 있었고, 이에 영향을 받은 문화유산 보존운동이라는 또 하나의 움직임이 생겨났다. 이 보존주의운동은 윌리엄 모리스를 주축으로 하는 고건축보호협회(SPAB)의 설립과 함께 본격화되었고, 이 단체는 영국은 물론 유럽의 문화유산 보존 정책에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 하지만 이러한 문화유산 보존운동은 영제국의 식민지 문화재를 파괴 및 약탈했던 시기와 겹친다는 점에서 영국의 보존주의를 비판적으로 고찰할 필요가 있다. 본 논문은 영국의 식민지 문화유산의 파괴와 약탈, 전시는 제국의 우월성을 드러내는 정책의 일환이었던 것과 같이, 보존주의운동 또한 영제국의 정치적 목적을 달성하기 위한 운동으로 활용되었다고 본다. 이를 구체적으로 파악하기 위해 식민지 인도의 문화유산 정책을 보여주는 인도의 <고대유물보호법(Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1904)>과 존 마샬(John Marshall)의 『보존 매뉴얼』(Conservation Manual, 1923)을 살펴보고자 한다.
Abstract
In 19th century Britain, two streams coexisted in the cultural world. First of all, there was already a reevaluation and trend of medieval heritage called ‘Gothic Revival’ that appeared at the end of the 18th century, and another movement called cultural heritage conservation movement influenced by this was created. This conservationist movement began in earnest with the establishment of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings(SPAB), which was led by William Morris, and has had a profound impact on the preservation of cultural heritage in Britain as well as in Europe. However, it is necessary to critically consider British preservationism in that this cultural heritage preservation movement overlapped with the period of destruction and looting of the colonial cultural properties of the British Empire. This essay acknowledges that just as the destruction, looting, and exhibition of colonial cultural heritage were part of the policy of revealing the superiority of the empire, the preservationist movement was also used as a movement to achieve the political purpose of the British Empire. To understand this in detail, I examine India’s ‘Ancient Monuments Protection Act(1904)’ and John Marshall’s Conservation Manual(1923), which show the cultural heritage policy of colonial India.
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