매너에서 에티켓으로: 19세기 영국의 에티켓북과 중간계급 헤게모니 신화
From Manners to Etiquette: 19th century Etiquette Books and the Myth of Middle Class Hegemony
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많은 학자가 경제력과 도덕성으로 무장한 중간계급이 19세기 영국 사회를 장악했다고 보았지만, 수정주의자들은 귀족의 영향력이 19세기 내내 지속되었다고 주장했다. 이 글은 에티켓북에 초점을 맞추어 빅토리아 시대 중간계급 신화를 재검토한다. 18세기 영국에서는 프랑스 궁정식 매너와 대타적으로 폴라이트니스(politeness) 개념을 내세워 중간계급 특유의 개방적인 매너를 발전시켰다. 하지만 19세기 새로 등장한 에티켓은 도덕적 요소는 상실한 세세한 행동지침의 총합이었다. 전통적 지배층은 부상하는 중간계급을 배척하기 위해 까다로운 에티켓을 발명하고 끊임없이 그 내용을 변경해갔다. 또한 배타적인 저택의 회합이 중요해지고 디너파티, 드로잉룸 교제, 여주인의 역할이 강화되었다. 에티켓북은 레비와 드로잉룸 알현식 등 왕실 에티켓을 싣기 시작하는데, 이는 사회적 위계질서의 정점에 여왕을 위치시키며 전통적 질서에 대한 존중을 전파하는 것이었다. 에티켓북의 인기는 19세기 영국 중간계급의 문화적 헤게모니 도식이 신화였음을 드러낸다. 오히려 에티켓은 이 시대에 전통적인 상류층과 중간계급 사이에 문화적 융합이 일어나고 있었음을 잘 드러내 준다.
Abstract
While many historians viewed that the English middle class with economic power and moral virtues achieved supremacy over Victorian England, revisionists argued for the persistence of aristocratic power throughout the 19th century. This article, focusing on the etiquette books, re-examines the myth of ‘the victorious middle class’ in Victorian England. 18th century England, armed with the concept of the concept of ‘politeness’ developed the middle class manners which despised the French Courtly civilité and extolled the virtues of social openness. 19th century etiquette, however, was a file of detailed behavioral instructions lacking the concept of moral virtues. The traditional aristocracy invented and constantly changed the rules of etiquette to exclude the rising middle class from the arena of dominance. Exclusive residential social gatherings, with dinner parties and drawing room intercourse and the role of hostess, gained increasing social importance. Etiquette books began to comprise court etiquette, such as Levée and Drawing room receptions, locating Queen Victoria on the apex of social hierarchy and disseminated the respect of the traditional social order. The popularity of the etiquette books suggests that the assumption of the middle class’s cultural hegemony in 19th century England was a myth. Rather, etiquette could be a valuable prism that projects the cultural integration in progress between the middle class and aristocratic values.
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