The Ideal Gentlemen: A Study of Historical Differences in the Definition of a Gentleman and Victorian Conduct-books for Gentlemen
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This essay mainly examines the ideal of a Victorian gentleman. The ideal of gentleman and gentlemanliness has long been the most important concept in English masculinity as Kun-Tze in China and Seon-bi in Korea. This important spiritual and physical concept, however, was not developed in a short period of time in English history. It has been modified, developed, and sophisticated over several hundred years. Therefore, this essay explores the changing concepts of the ideal of a true gentleman in some significant conduct manuals for gentleman from the sixteenth century. Taking advantage of a large number of microfilms regarding English masculinity, entitled Masculinity: Men Defining Men and Gentleman, 1560-1918, released by Bodleian Library in 2002, this essay shows significant changes in the concepts of a true gentleman over a long period of time. When it comes to the ideal of a Victorian gentleman, conduct-books by some well-known Victorian writers such as Matthew Arnold, John Stuart Mill, Samuel Smiles are analyzed to argue that a gentleman was not necessarily associated with landed property or financial wealth alone in the Victorian period. Although these qualities were not ignored as an important elements for a gentleman, personal qualities like good natured gentlemanly mind were treated more significantly, which suggested ample possibility for social mobility in Victorian England.
Abstract
This essay mainly examines the ideal of a Victorian gentleman. The ideal of gentleman and gentlemanliness has long been the most important concept in English masculinity as Kun-Tze in China and Seon-bi in Korea. This important spiritual and physical concept, however, was not developed in a short period of time in English history. It has been modified, developed, and sophisticated over several hundred years. Therefore, this essay explores the changing concepts of the ideal of a true gentleman in some significant conduct manuals for gentleman from the sixteenth century. Taking advantage of a large number of microfilms regarding English masculinity, entitled Masculinity: Men Defining Men and Gentleman, 1560-1918, released by Bodleian Library in 2002, this essay shows significant changes in the concepts of a true gentleman over a long period of time. When it comes to the ideal of a Victorian gentleman, conduct-books by some well-known Victorian writers such as Matthew Arnold, John Stuart Mill, Samuel Smiles are analyzed to argue that a gentleman was not necessarily associated with landed property or financial wealth alone in the Victorian period. Although these qualities were not ignored as an important elements for a gentleman, personal qualities like good natured gentlemanly mind were treated more significantly, which suggested ample possibility for social mobility in Victorian England.
참고문헌 (24)
- Adams, James, "Gentleman, Dandy, Priest: Manliness and Social Authority in Pater’s Aestheticism", ELH, 59(2), pp.441~466 (1992)
- Arnold, Matthew, "Passages from the Prose Writings of Matthew Arnold" (1880), Macmillan
- Braham, Humfrey, "The Institucion of a Gentleman", Thomas Marshe
- Briggs, Asa, "A Social History of England" (1983), Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd
- Defoe, Daniel, "Bülbring" (1890), David Nutt
- Dellamora, Richard, "Masculine Desire : The Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism" (1990), U of North Carolina P
- "Etiquette for Gentlemen: With Hints on The Art of Conversation" (1838), Bradbury and Evans
- Fuller, Thomas, "The Holy State", R. D
- "The Gentleman’s Art of Dressing with Economy" (1876), Frederick Warne & Co.
- "The Gentleman’s Manual of Modern Etiquette" (1864), Paul Jerrard & Son
- Klein, Laurence, "The Consumption of Culture 1600-1800: Image, Object, Text. Eds. Ann Bermingham and John Brewer" (1995), Routledge
- Mill, John Stuart, "A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. vol. 2" (1843), John W. Parker
- Mill, John Stuart., "A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. vol. 2" (1862), Parker, Son, and Bourn
- Milton, John, "Areopagitica", Yeare
- More, Thomas, "cellour of Englonde Answere Unto Sir Thomas Mores Dialoge. Answere Unto Sir Thomas Mores Dialoge", Wyllyam Rastell
- Palmer, Abram Smythe, "The Ideal of a Gentleman: or A Mirror for Gentlefolk’s, a Portrayal in Literature from the Earliest Times" (1908), London: George Routledge & Sons Limited; New York: E. P. Dutton
- Platz, Norbert, "The Symbolic Dynamics of the Gentleman Idea in the Victorian Novel", Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch im Auftrage der Görres-Gesellschaft (LJGG), 38, pp.147~165 (1997)
- Rosenblatt, Jason Philip, "Renaissance England’s Chief Rabbi : John Selden" (2006), Oxford UP
- William Courthope, Esq, "Rev. of The Historic Peerage of England by Sir Harris Nicolas", John Murray, 103, pp.28~65 (1858)
- Selden, John, "Table-Talk: Being the Discourse of John Selden Esq; or His Sense of Various Matters of Weight and High Consequences Relating Especially to Religion and State", E. Smith
- Smiles, Samuel, "Self-Help : With Illustrations of Character and Conduct" (1860), John Murray
- Taine, Hippolyte, "Notes on England" (1874)
- Tosh, John, "Masculinity: Men Defining Men and Gentlemen, 1560-1918. Part 2: 1800-1918. reel 30, 31" (2002), Adam Matthew Publications
- Wilkinson, Rupert, "Gentlemanly Power : British Leadership and the Public School Tradition; A Comparative Study in the Making of Rulers" (1964), Oxford UP