빅토리아시대 시민자선기구의 독특한 사례 - 콜체스터 노동자자조협회 -
A Case Study of Victorian Charities - The Provident Labourers’ Society in Colchester -
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본고는 빅토리아시대 시민자선기구 중 아직 잘 알려지지 않은 독특한 사례로서 콜체스터의 노동자자조협회(노자협)에 대해 연구한다. 지역사회의 엘리트들이 1842년에 설립하고 운영한 노자협은 노동계급의 자림심을 고취시키고 근면과 검약을 훈련시키기 위해, 석탄적금ㆍ의복적금ㆍ채소밭분양제의 시스템을 매우 체계적이고 효율적으로 작동시켰다. 1차 사료의 면밀한 조사와 실증적 분석을 통해, 노자협의 설립 동기와 목적, 운영위와 회원의 인적 구성, 구체적인 운영 및 활동을 파악하고, 실제적으로 노동계급에게 주어진 혜택의 규모를 측정한다. 노자협은 19세기 빈민복지의 다양한 측면과 복합성을 예시(例示)할 뿐 아니라, 근로빈민의 자조 역량의 배양과 자선 업무의 합리적 체계화를 동시에 도모했기에 영국 자선의 역사에서 전환기로 지칭되는 1870년대의 자선 정책을 선행하는 사례로 나타난다.
Abstract
This article makes an empirical exploration of the unusual type of charitable society in Colchester, a Victorian market town. The society, named the Provident Labourers’ Society (PLS), was established in 1842 by the local elite in order to encourage self-help among the middling working people. Through schemes involving coal, clothing funds and allotments, the society assisted the labourers to be economically independent and to improve moral standards. The society undertook part of the relief being done by the parish and public ventures by combining the charitable giving of benefactors and the self-contribution of beneficiaries. Based on the primary archival sources of the PLS, the paper elucidates the specific blend of charity and self-help in the society and its organizational features by examining charitable motives, the structure of leadership and membership, the social background of patrons, and the detailed practices of the schemes of relief. This will allow for an estimation of the position of the PLS among various associations in the town and its effectiveness as a charity, and for a deeper understanding of the complicatedness of Victorian social provision for the poor. This consequently makes it possible to appreciate the significance of the PLS preceding the supposed shift in the British charity policy from the 1870s, which sought to use charity to create the power of self-help in the deserving poor and to employ scientific methods in charity works.
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