高麗 對蒙抗爭期 險山大城의 入保用山城 出現

Abstract

The Mongol Empire in the 13th century expanded their territory to Europe beyond theEast Asia. Goryeo Dynasty also could not escape from the influence of the MongolEmpire. Goryeo Dynasty's military regime decided to fight back against the invasion ofMongol Empire and their struggles against the Mongolian invasion had been sustained fora long time from 1231 to 1273. However, Mongol Empire already learned the tactics and how to use arms to attackfortresses from their attacks to the urban castles in the Western Xia Dynasty, Chin Dynastyand Sung Dynasty. They were equipped with the strongest military organization in theworld. Goryeo Dynasty had prepared the wars against Mongol Empire with the tactics todepend fortress based on traditional tactic of fighting inside the fortress which had beenused since the Three Kingdom Era, but they had difficulties in defending the attack by theworld-strongest Mongolian military forces. During the process, Goryeo Dynastynoticed thefact that Mongolian military forces were weak in water warfare. So they moved the capitalcity to Ganghwa Island and protected people using the sea island. Goryeo Dynastyperformedthe water wars to protect fortresses through the two regions (Bukgye andDonggye), camp fortress, and the representative fortress in each province to the 1st-3rdwars, which was the early period of the wartime against Mongol. At the time of the 3rdwar, Goryeo Dynasty dispatched mountain fortress guard officers and protected thefortress from the attack of Mongolian troops effectively. After the 3rd war, Goryeo Dynastydispatched37 mountain-fortress farming-encouraging officers to each province in 1243 andbuilt a fortressfor military purpose to prepare against the 5th war. After the 5th war,Mongolian troops advanced the attacking time and attacked before the harvest season with the Korean power class that cooperated with Mongol. In the 6th war, the attacking timevaried from seeding time to pre-harvest time and the Mongolian troops stayed over oneyear, which was different from previous wars. By doing so, they couldinfiltrate the wholeland of Goryeo Dynasty. Such changes in the wars were the background to make GoryeoDynasty build a protective fortress in the rugged mountain in a representative fortress. Asfor the inland protective fortresses, protective fortresses were built on the rugged mountainexpanding nationwide during the 6th invasion. They were far bigger in size than thefortresses in ancient times and the location was moved to the rugged mountains, whichwere far apart from the transportation roads. The construction and changes in protectivefortresses were directly related to the changes in policies that integrated many districts forprotection. They also were related to the changes in counter actions that were madethrough the wars attacking fortresses by Mongolian troops. Goryeo forces selected ruggedmountain areas for battlefield for easy use of stones that were needed in making arrowsand throwing stones. Also, rugged mountain areas were hard to climb for Mongoliancavalry soldiers and hard to move the arms such as stone-throwing deviceto attack thefortress. Such natural geographical advantages had been used as a counter-action againstthe attacks by Northern nomads. Most protective fortresses built against the invasion of Mongolian troops were located inbowl-type mountain area. Part of them were located in bowl-type mountain area (outerfortress) combined with hat-type mountain area (inner fortress). Those fortresses areMireuk Fortress in Goewan, Mt. Wolsak Fortress in Jecheon, Mt. Samak Fortress inChuncheon, GwonguemFortress in Sokcho, Mt. Hangye Fortress in Inje, Guemdol Fortressin Sangju, Mt. Guemseong Fortress in Damyang, and Mt. Suin Fortress in Jangheung. These protective fortresses were built on the highland of which height was over 600m andits circumference was 5~7km in general. Since then, the protective fortresses on the rugged mountain were also used when 1stand 2nd invasion of Hapdan Tribes and Red Hood Tribes and Japanese pirates. At the endof Goryeo Dynasty when Goryeogradually could beat the Japanese pirates, they builtvillage fortresses on the plain land in coastal area and protected residents. In the earlyperiod of Joseon Dynasty, the government increased the number of navy forces, andassigned military ships to defense Japanese pirates, along with management of villagefortresses on a coastal area and mountain fortresses. As for the governmental organization to manage protective fortresses, continuousmanagement by nation had been kept at the10th Year of King Taejong in Joseon Dynasty. The protective fortresses during the GoryeoDynasty's War Period against Mongolian Invasion secured the accommodation spaces forprotection civilians and water resources prepared for long-time resistance. In that sense,the protective fortresses were reused based on defense theory after undergoing Imjin Warand Byeongja War in the latter part of Joseon Dynasty.