淸末 東北 新軍의 형성과 旗兵의 재편 ― 吉林省의 例를 중심으로 ―

Abstract

In Manchuria, efforts were made to reorganize banner soldiers into New Army through military reforms. This was promoted in the idea of trying to solve the issue of building new army and guaranteeing the livelihood of banner-men by reorganizing banners(旗) into Zhen(鎭). Therefore, the provincial government emphasized recruiting soldiers from the local indigenous people, and among them, banner-men were the mostly favored in organizing the new army. If they met certain criteria, the existing banner soldiers were the first ones to be deployed to the new army troops. However, it was difficult to fill the full quota of the army even in the recruitment stage, and even if banner-men had applied for the new army, many of them could not endure the training and ran away. Since joining the new army was not an obligation for the banner-men, and though lower than the new army soldiers wage, subsidies were continuously supplied to the banner-men, they did not have any desperate needs to join the new army. Although there were many problems in converting banner soldiers into new army soldiers, Qiwuchu implemented diverse measures in order to use the military reform as a means of protecting the livelihood of banner-men. Qing dynasty tried in many ways to absorb banner-men into the Han society in the process of the conversion to civil administration system since 1907. As a result, it is true that Manchu provinces has made the most remarkable achievement compared to the interior provinces. However, even in Manchu, the reform did not lead to the abandonment of Manchu privilege and concentrated on protecting the livelihood of banner-men, and as a result, the purpose of the abolition of division between Manchu and Han people was not fulfilled. The Qing dynasty strived to protect the privilege of the banner-men and did not quit to grant subsidies to them until the end. Although the Qing dynasty had endeavored to form the identity of modern Chinese nation by encouraging harmony between Manchus and Han, the time necessary for it could not be secured in the urgent situation of the early 20th century.