한성시기 백제의 宋･北魏와의 외교 배경과 그 양상

Abstract

In January 372, the first negotiation between Baekje and Dongjin took place. After King Geunchogo, Hanseong Baekje’s interactions with China came to be conducted exclusively through Dongjin and Song, which was to become Baekje’s official policy with respect to its relations with China. Dongjin and Song succeeded in making inroads into the Shandong Peninsula, placing themselves on Baekje’s route to Shandong and the Yangtze River region,which in turn propelled Baekje to enter into friendly relations with the Southern dynasties. Baekje’s relations with Dongjin were a tributary relationship that was nominal in nature. Nonetheless, the relationship contributed to both stabilizing Baekje’s royal authority and consolidating its national stature. Baekje frequently made contact with Dongjin until the second year of King Jinsa’s reign (386). However, their communication had been cut off for nearly twenty years since the year of 396 when Baekje faced a national crisis because of Goguryeo’s invasion. It was resumed in 406. During the rupture, King Asin aggressively tried to establish close ties with Japan by sending several envoys to the insular country. Baekje made contact with Song eighteen times over the course of sixty years including the reigns of King Guisin, Biyu, and Gaero. Other than the obvious benefits from maintaining a tributary relationship, albeit nominal, with China, Baekje wanted to achieve two practical goals through its relations with Song, namely, keeping Goguryeo in check and importing China’s advanced culture. As far as Song was concerned, the country was in need of keeping friendly relations with Baekje because of Northern Wei. During the reign of King Gaero, Baekje began endeavoring to open communication with Northern Wei as well. There were two reasons for King Gaero turning his eyes from Song to Northern Wei. First, Song was suffering from internal turmoil. Second, Northern Wei took over the Shandong Peninsula in 469, thereby blocking Baekje’s route to the Southern dynasties and making difficult the communication between Baekje and Song. The fact that Baekje was having trouble communicating with Song and Goguryeo’s southern expansion forced Baekje to choose Northern Wei over Song in terms of diplomatic relations. King Gaero’s strategy to focus on establishing close ties with China through Song and Northern Wei rather than its traditional partners such as Silla and Japan in the end failed due to Goguryeo’s Song and Northern Wei policies. This failure ultimately led to the fall of Hanseong by Goguryeo in the twenty first year of King Gaero’s reign(475).