발해의 성벽 축조방법에 대해

Abstract

Among the Balhae(Bohai) fortresses in Northeast China and in Primorye-Priamurye, there are fortresses built during the Goguryeo period and built during the Balhae period and then repaired or re-built in the Liao-Jin period. In this regard, there were not a few cases when the fortresses, which have clear external characteristics of the Liao-Jin period, were represented as Balhae ones. Because of this, mistakes in systematization of the Balhae fortresses and in locating the centers of the administrative regions, districts and counties of Balhae are inevitable. Taking this into consideration, in this paper we were studying the methods of building fortress walls of Balhae, on the basis of excavated Balhae fortress walls, because the author of the article considers that the basis for studying the Balhae fortresses is the identification of features of fortresses which were exactly built in Balhae period. For the present, there are known 18 Balhae fortresses which fortress walls excavations’ results have been published. In addition, 5 more Balhae fortresses were taken into account, where the profile of fortress walls was met during the field studies. The Balhae fortresses, whose profile of walls have been studied, are divided according to the time of construction: built before Balhae then re-built in Balhae and after Balhae no used more(Sinelnikovo 1), built during Balhae and used only during Balhae(Upper capital, Xigucheng, Baliancheng, Xingnonggucheng, Nikolaevka 1, Nikolaevka 2, Starorechenskoe, Kraskino), built during Balhae and used mainly before the Jin period(Koksharovka 1, Okrainka, Smolnoye), built during Balhae and used up to the Jin period(Sumicheng, Marianovka, Novogordeevka, Izvestkovaya Sopka), and built by Malgal tribes during Balhae (fortresses of the northeast coast of Primorye Jeegitovka, Krasnoe Ozero). The fortress walls built or re-built during Balhae according to their materials and structure are divided under: entirely earth, earth with stone facing, earth with stones, entirely stone, stone with earth filling inside, stone with earth under, wooden paling. In addition, the structure of the Balhae fortress walls was studied, and we distinguished in it the prepared base, the fundamental part, the central-internal part and the side-protection walls. Fortress walls of the Liao-Jin period built mostly of earth. The ramming in the panchuk technique is typical for the Liao-Jin period, most of all built of the earth of different colors and different composition as the layered siruttok walls. But the Balhae walls in most cases are built of the earth of almost the similar or small different color and composition, the thickness of the layers is not even, and the layers do not continue to the edges of the bank, but are replaced by other layers in the middle. However, during Dongxia state of Jin period we can see walls of earth with stone facing, stone walls and walls of ramming in the panchuk technique, where the layers do not continue to the edges of the bank very rarely, but their general character differs from the Balhae ones. In addition, although in this paper we do not touch on this, planimetric characteristics and details of the Balhae fortress walls also differ from the Liao-Jin ones. Consequently, up to now the fortresses of Liao-Jing have been studied as Balhae ones, so in the future a cautious study is needed.