발해성곽의 구조와 형식에 대한 연구

Abstract

Palhae was founded in 698 A.D. and collapsed in 926 A.D. by Khitan’s troops. It ruled over huge territory, including the modern provinces of Hwanghae (DPRK), Jilin and Heilongjiang (China), and Primorskij Krai of Russia for 228 years. Researchers have encountered difficulty because of the little information about Palhae’s cities in historical annals and previous research didn’t cover all the sites located in these three modern countries. After the analysis of well-known Palhae castles, research noted their purposes and territorial peculiarities, and studied the architectural traditions of Palhae settlements to reconstructing a part of the Palhae culture. The objects of study are 178 castle sites. Among them 38 are located in Russia (21%), 26 in DPRK (15%), and the majority, 114, in China (64%). There are 5 types of Palhae’s castle. The criteria are the characteristics, such as the location, form, size, function, and structure of castles. 1 type is a plain castle type, with a rectangular or square form, has a big (or huge) size. It had a high status like a capital or provincial center; the walls were made with earth. Some castles had an inner city-wall, so it was a high-level administrative center. 2 type is a plain castle, with rectangular, square or irregular form. It has a medium or medium-big size; it was a regional center, meaning it belonged to the middle administrative structure. The wall was made with earth or earth with stones. Castles of that type were built to govern a smaller territory than a capital and provincial one. 3 type is a plain castle, with rectangular, square or irregular form. It has a small size; it was a district center meaning it belonged to the lower administrative structure. The wall was made with earth, earth with stones or simply stone. Castles of that type are numerous. They had a lower status than regional ones. There were located on a wide territory. 4 type is a mountain castle, with irregular form. It has a big, medium or medium-big size. They hold on a strategic position with defensive function. The wall was made with earth, earth with stones or only stone. 5 type is a mountain castle, with irregular form. It has a small size, like a fort. The wall was made with earth, earth and stones, or with only stone. These forts defended a surrounded settlement near rivers or were located on a strategic position where they could observe a vast territory. Palhae’s castles, as one of the most important parts of Palhae culture, were an example of which we can observe a variety of that culture. Palhae as a non-national state was influenced by different cultures, it was a one state where mohe, Koguryo, China (Tan), Central Asian’s cultures were mixed. It was represented in the castle’s architecture (construction). We found an influence of Chinese architectural ideas on the Palhae’s castle construction. It could use regular form (rectangular, square forms), domination of southern direction in the gate location, use ground construction in the wall (hantu), a few amounts (or absence) of defense works in wall, imitating form of Tan’s capital (Chang’ an), inner walled city, location of palatial building. Koguryo architecture idea on the Palhae’s castle construction fixed on using mountain castles, stone or ground with stone wall construction, using defense works in wall (corner or frontal towers, external gate construction ongseong). Nevertheless, ground with stone wall construction was used often in Palhae, so it can be one of the features of Palhae’s architecture. Mohe’s architecture idea on Palhae’s castle construction is observed on ground wall construction, using mountain castles and incompleteness (break) building walls. Afterwards some Palhae’s castles were re built, so it is a problem to study them. In Lyao and Jin (A.D.10-13) on rebuilt Palhae’s castles corner or frontal towers, external gate construction ongseong are built, it made influence also on wall built method and construction. Palhae castle for the most part had no special protective structures, except for the wall. But it had some exception.