‘曆獄’(1664.9-1665.9)에 대한 재고찰 ― 淸朝 機密 司法 文書 『祕本檔』(narhūšaha bithe dangse)에 대한 분석을 중심으로 ―
A Reinterpretation on The Calendar Case (1664-1665) — Focusing on the Analysis of narhūšaha bithe dangse —
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This article reexamined the so-called Calendar Case (liyu 曆獄, 1664.9–1665.9) by using narhūšaha bithe dangse [the secret Manchu document] and reconstructed the specific legal process, accusations against Xiyang individuals, legal grounds for those accusations, and the Qing government’s final judgement. This analysis reached the conclusion that although the final arbiter’s intervention such as the imperial amnesty (enshe 恩赦), which could override the regular judicial process, was able to save missionaries and Christians from severe punishment, the results of the judicial process still remained valid. Those results included: that in the first subcase triggered by Yang’s petition entitled “To Exterminate Heretical Teachings”, Christianity was pronounced to be heretical teaching; in the second subcase, concerning Prince Rong’s burial, those involved were judged guilty of High Treason (dani 大逆); and in the third subcase, concerning the Old-New methods conflict, the Qing authorities acknowledged at least five of the Xiyang missionaries’ actions against the Old method to be illegal. This chapter also spotlighted several historical facts: First, in Subcase 1, for the charges of Plotting Treason (moupan 謀叛) and High Treason, the Qing centre did not acknowledge from the very beginning of the legal process; Second, also in Subcase 1, although it was according to the statute of Zao yaoshu yaoyan 造妖書妖言 [Writing Books on Sorcery or Speaking about Sorcery] that Christianity was announced heretical teachings, in enforcing punishment the statute of Jinzhi shiwu xieshu 禁止師巫邪術 [Prohibition Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceress] was employed; Third, during the Calendar Case, in adjusting the penalty weight for the bannerman the Qing government relied on the decision of the 13th year of the Shunzhi Reign, not the decision of the 18th year of the Shunzhi Reign, and that was because the Qing Code at the point of the judgement contained the decision of the 13th year of the Shunzhi Reign, not the decision of the 18th year of the Shunzhi Reign; Fourth, the proceedings of the Calendar Case revealed the Qing Empire’s future policy orientations regarding the Xiyang affairs and that quite consistent tendency in the orientation was not merely the product of any individual ruler, but rather the result of a collective decision making by the ruling group from a long term perspective for their empire; Fifth, although the Calendar Case appeared in the form of anti-Christian incident, the essence of that incident, in fact, resided in anti-foreign sentiments and Han-centrism engrained deeply in Han Chinese society, which would explode into anti-Manchuism, or even Han nationalism, if some conditions are met.
Abstract
This article reexamined the so-called Calendar Case (liyu 曆獄, 1664.9–1665.9) by using narhūšaha bithe dangse [the secret Manchu document] and reconstructed the specific legal process, accusations against Xiyang individuals, legal grounds for those accusations, and the Qing government’s final judgement. This analysis reached the conclusion that although the final arbiter’s intervention such as the imperial amnesty (enshe 恩赦), which could override the regular judicial process, was able to save missionaries and Christians from severe punishment, the results of the judicial process still remained valid. Those results included: that in the first subcase triggered by Yang’s petition entitled “To Exterminate Heretical Teachings”, Christianity was pronounced to be heretical teaching; in the second subcase, concerning Prince Rong’s burial, those involved were judged guilty of High Treason (dani 大逆); and in the third subcase, concerning the Old-New methods conflict, the Qing authorities acknowledged at least five of the Xiyang missionaries’ actions against the Old method to be illegal. This chapter also spotlighted several historical facts: First, in Subcase 1, for the charges of Plotting Treason (moupan 謀叛) and High Treason, the Qing centre did not acknowledge from the very beginning of the legal process; Second, also in Subcase 1, although it was according to the statute of Zao yaoshu yaoyan 造妖書妖言 [Writing Books on Sorcery or Speaking about Sorcery] that Christianity was announced heretical teachings, in enforcing punishment the statute of Jinzhi shiwu xieshu 禁止師巫邪術 [Prohibition Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceress] was employed; Third, during the Calendar Case, in adjusting the penalty weight for the bannerman the Qing government relied on the decision of the 13th year of the Shunzhi Reign, not the decision of the 18th year of the Shunzhi Reign, and that was because the Qing Code at the point of the judgement contained the decision of the 13th year of the Shunzhi Reign, not the decision of the 18th year of the Shunzhi Reign; Fourth, the proceedings of the Calendar Case revealed the Qing Empire’s future policy orientations regarding the Xiyang affairs and that quite consistent tendency in the orientation was not merely the product of any individual ruler, but rather the result of a collective decision making by the ruling group from a long term perspective for their empire; Fifth, although the Calendar Case appeared in the form of anti-Christian incident, the essence of that incident, in fact, resided in anti-foreign sentiments and Han-centrism engrained deeply in Han Chinese society, which would explode into anti-Manchuism, or even Han nationalism, if some conditions are met.
참고문헌 (88)
- Nicolas Standaert, "耶穌會羅馬檔案館明清天主教文獻, 第12冊", pp.351~368 (2002), 臺北利氏學社
- "清代內閣秘本檔中有关17世紀在華西洋傳教士活動的檔案"[URL]
- 國立故宮博物院, "宮中檔康熙朝奏摺 (總 9輯)" (1977), 國立故宮博物院
- 李珍, "定例全編 (全 50卷)", 北京 강희54년 刊本, ~
- 北京圖書館金石組, "北京圖書館藏中國歷代石刻拓本滙編, 第61冊" (1989), 中州古籍出版社
- "讀例存疑』(光緒31年京師刊本)"[URL]
- 安雙成, "淸初西洋傳敎士滿文檔案譯本" (2014), 大象出版社
- 楊光先, "天主敎東傳文獻續編, 第3冊" (1966), 台湾学生书局
- 楊光先, "不得已(附二種)" (2000), 黃山書社
- 吳坤修, "大淸律例根原 (總 4冊)" (2012), 上海辭書出版社
- 王宏治, "中国珍稀法律典籍续编 第5册" (2002), 黑龙江人民出版社
- 王先謙, "東華錄･東華續錄" (2008), 上海古籍出版社
- 張光月, "例案全集 (全 35卷)", 敬堂 刊本, 康熙61年 序), ~
- 第一歷史檔案館, "康熙朝滿文硃批奏摺全譯" (1996), 中國社會科學出版社
- 第一歷史檔案館, "清中前期西洋天主教在華活動檔案史料 (總 4冊)" (2003), 中華書局
- 陳垣, "近代中國史料叢刊續編, 第7輯" (1973), 學生書局
- 沈家本, "歷代刑法考" (1985), 中華書局
- 黃彰健, "明代律例彚編" (1979), 中央研究院歷史語言研究所
- "大淸律集解附例 (總 4冊)", 日本公文書館 디지털 아카이브, 청구번호 296-0015, ~
- 沈雲龍, "近代中國史料叢刊三編, 71-72輯" (1992), 文海出版社
- 沈雲龍, "近代中國史料叢刊三編, 77-79輯" (1994), 文海出版社
- 沈雲龍, "近代中國史料叢刊三編, 65-70輯" (1991), 文海出版社
- "淸實錄"[URL]
- Bosmans, Henri, "Documents Relatifs A Ferdinand Verbiest: Les Lettres Annuelles de la Vice-Province de la Compagnie de Jésus en Chine, Année 1669 par Adrien Grelon", Annales de la Société d'émulation de Bruges, 62, pp.15~61 (1912)
- de Rougemont, François, "Innocentia Victrix sive Sententia Comitiorum Imperij Sinici pro Innocentia Christianae Religionis Lata Juridicè per Annum 1669"
- "『進呈書像』, Bibliothèque nationale de France 소장"[URL]
- Le Gobien, Charles, "Nouveaux mémoires sur l'état présent de la Chine, tome troisième"
- Stumpf, Kilian, "The Acta Pekinensia or Historical Records of the Maillard de Tournon Legation, Vol. I: December 1705-August 1706" (2015), Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu
- Suarez, Jose, "Novissima Sinica: Historiam nostri temporis illustratura, 1699"
- Verbiest, Ferdinand, "熙朝崇正集, 熙朝定案(外三種)" (2006), 中華書局
- 岡本さえ, "貳臣論", 東洋文化研究所紀要, 68, pp.101~177 (1976)
- 島田正郎, "清律の成立", 法律論叢, 54(2･3), pp.1~68 (1981)
- 呂麗, "漢“謀反”, “大逆”, “大逆不道”辨析", 社會科學戰線, pp.191~194 (2003)
- 馬偉華, "鰲拜被擒與康熙曆獄的徹底翻案", 科學與文化, pp.63~66 (2015)
- 馬偉華, "五世達賴喇嘛進京朝覲與康熙曆獄的發生", 鄭州大學學報 (哲學社会科學版), pp.108~114 (2016)
- 孟德衛, "靈與肉: 山東的天主敎, 1650-1785" (2009), 大象出版社
- 朴敏洙, "淸의 入關과 旗人의 北京 移住 硏究", 박사, pp.2017
- 方金平, "變局下的西潮：基督教與中國的現代性", pp.637~652 (2015), 建道神學院
- 方驥齡, "《野叟曝言》新評價", 台灣 中央日報 副刊, ~ (1955)
- 苏亦工, "明清律例與條例" (1999), 政法大学出版社
- 安雙成, "汤若望案始末", 历史档案, pp.79~87 (1992)
- 如郭建, "中國法制史" (2000), 上海人民出版社
- 王瓊玲, "由《江陰夏氏宗譜》看夏氏先人對夏敬渠與《野叟曝言》的影響—夏敬渠與《野叟曝言》補論之一", 明清小說研究, pp.162~204 (2003)
- 王瓊玲, "由《浣玉軒集》看夏敬渠生平、著作及創作《野叟曝言》言素材、動機 上", 明清小說研究, pp.24~38 (1996)
- 王瓊玲, "由《浣玉軒集》看夏敬渠生平、著作及創作《野叟曝言》言素材、動機 下", 明清小说研究, pp.140~165 (1997)
- 王瓊玲, "真實與虛擬－從夏敬渠到文素臣的轉化研究", 中正大學中文學術年刊, 7, pp.1~27 (2005)
- 王瓊玲, "夏敬渠生平補證—夏敬渠與《野叟曝言》補論之二", 明清小说研究, pp.151~174 (2004)
- 王雲红, "清初流徙东北考", 河南科技大学学报 (社会科学版), pp.10~14 (2009)
- 姚宇, "康熙四十六年修律进呈本的发现及初步研究", 清史研究, pp.90~104 (2021)
- 姚宇, "禁止師巫邪術與明末清初的天主教案: 以南京教案和康熙曆獄爲例", 法律適用, pp.108~118 (2019)
- 莊吉發, "清史論叢 5", pp.165~215 (1999), 文史哲出版社
- 張先清, "康熙三十一年容教詔令初探", 歷史研究, pp.72~87 (2006)
- 陳香, "《野叟曝言》受不起新評價", 台灣 中央日報, ~ (1955)
- 黃一農, "康熙朝漢人士大夫對曆獄的態度及其所衍生的傳說", 漢學硏究, 11(2), pp.137~161 (1993)
- 黃一農, "楊光先家世與生平考", 國立編譯館館刊, 19(2), pp.15~28 (1990)
- 黃一農, "楊光先著述論略", 書目季刊, 23(4), pp.3~21 (1990)
- 黃一農, "吳明炫與吳明烜: 清初與西法相抗爭的一對回回天文家兄弟?", 大陸雜誌, 84(4), pp.1~5 (1992)
- 黃一農, "擇日之爭與“康熙曆獄”", 清華學報, 21(2), pp.247~280 (1991)
- Chan, Albert, S. J, "Chinese Books and Documents from the Jesuits Archives in Rome: A Descriptive Catalogue" (2002), M.E. Sharpe
- Chin, Tamara T., "Critical Han Studies: The History, Representation, and Identity of China’s Majority", pp.128~146 (2012), University of California Press
- Chu, Pingyi, "Scientific Dispute in the Imperial Court: The 1664 Calendar Case", Chinese Science, 14, pp.7~34 (1997)
- Cohen, Paul, "China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism 1860-1870" (1963), Harvard University Press
- David E. Mungello, "The Forgotten Christians of Hangzhou" (1994), University of Hawaii Press
- Deiwiks, Shu-Jyuan, "Europe Meets China - China Meets Europe: The Beginnings of European-Chinese Scientific Exchange in the 17th Century", pp.156~176 (2014), Institut Monumenta Serica
- Deiwiks, Shu-Jyuan, "The Secret Manchu Documents on the Trial of Jesuit Missionary Johann Adam Schall (1592-1666) before the Supreme Court of Peking", Monumenta Serica, 52, pp.641~648 (2003)
- Dudink, Ad, "Handbook of Christianity in China 1: 635-1800", pp.503~533 (2001), Brill
- Dunne, G. H., "Generation of Giants: The Story of the Jesuits in China in the Late Decades of the Ming Dynasty" (1962), University of Notre Dame Press
- Elliott, Mark, "Critical Han Studies", pp.173~190
- Gernet, Jacques, "China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures" (1985), Cambridge University Press
- 65 in China, "Der Fall Prinz Rong: Im Prozess Gegen Den Jesuitenpater Adam Schall in Den Jahren 1664", pp.2018, Gimm, Martin
- Catherine JAMI, "Revisiting the Calendar Case (1664-1669): Science, Religion, and Politics in Early Qing Beijing", 한국과학사학회지, 37(2), pp.459~477 (2015), 한국과학사학회
- Jonathan D. Spencer, "Ts’ao Yin and the K’ang-hsi Emperor, Bondservant and Master" (1966), Yale University Press
- Jones, William C, "The Great Qing Code" (1994), Oxford University Press
- Kang, Wonmook, "The Xiyangs in the Early Qing Empire, 1644-1724", PhD, pp.2021
- Liu, Lydia H, "The Clash of Empires: the Invention of China in Modern World Making" (2004), Harvard University Press
- Menegon, Eugenio, "Western Learning and Christianity in China: The Contribution and Impact of Johann Adam Schall von Bell, S.J. (1592-1666), vol. 1", pp.311~337 (1998), China-Zentrum and the Monumenta Serica Insitute
- Millward, James A., "Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864" (1998), Stanford University Press
- Moortgat, Grete, "Western Humanistic Culture Presented to China by Jesuit Missionaries (XVII-XVIII Centuries)", pp.259~277 (1996), Institutum Historicum S.I
- Needham, Joseph, "Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 3" (1959), Cambridge University Press
- Roth, Gertraude, "From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China", pp.16~25 (1979), Yale University Press
- Standaert, Nicolas, "In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tomas Pereira, SJ (1645-1708), the Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuit Missionin China", pp.308~359 (2012), Cambridge Scholars Publishing
- Swen, Litian, "Jesuit Mission and Submission: Qing Rulership and the Fate of Christianity in China, 1644-1735" (2021), Brill
- Swen, Litian, "Jesuit Mission and Submission: Qing Rulership and the Fate of Christianity in China, 1644-1735" (2021), Brill
- Tackett, Nicolas, "The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order" (2017), Cambridge University Press
- Väth, Alfons, "Johann Adam Schall von Bell S.J. Missionar in China, kaiserlicher Astronom und Ratgeber am Hofe von Peking 1592-1666" (1991), Steyler Verlag
- Young, John D., "Confucianism and Christianity: The First Encounter" (1983), Hong Kong University Press
- Zhang Dawei, "Western Learning and Christianity in China", pp.475~495
- Zurndorfer, Harriet T., "Conflict and Accommodation in Early Modern East Asia: Essays in Honour of Erik Zürcher", pp.141~168 (1993), Brill