16～17세기 豆滿江 邊境地帶 女眞의 성장과 국제질서의 변화― 瓦爾喀 등 女眞族 통합과정을 중심으로 ―

Abstract

In general, it is known that the Tumen River basin is less populated than the Yalu River (鴨綠江) basin. However, as shown in this study, many more Jurchens were distributed in the Tumen River basin than we can imagine. In the 16th century, Nurhachi (努尔哈赤) needed a large population in order to increase productivity and military power for Jurchen society and expanded into the Tumen River basin to absorb a large number of Jurchens. Nurhachi extensively had absorbed the Jurchens living along the Yalu and Tumen rivers, Baekdu Mountain (白頭山) and the Songhua River (松花江) since 1598, and this enabled him to found the Later Jin (後金) in 1616. The Jurchens living along the Tumen and Songhua Rivers had high agricultural productivity. They were moved to Xing-jing (興京), their base, by Nurhachi after absorbing them. After securing population from the Tumen River basin, Nurhachi targeted at a main military point of Liaodongdusi (遼東都司) in the Ming dynasty. Around 1620, Kaiyuan (開原), Tieling (鉄嶺), Fushun (撫順) and Qinghe (淸河), which were the eastern lines of defense in the Ming dynasty, were fallen by the Jurchens one by one. Around 1621, Liaoyang (遼陽), which was central to Shenyang (瀋陽) and Liadongdusi, was fallen by them. This caused a collapse of the heart of Liaodong (遼東) ruled by the Ming dynasty. This growth of the Jurchens foretold the changing order in East Asia. Although most of the Jurchens living along the Tumen River were absorbed during the reigns of Nurhachi and Hong Taiji (皇太極), the borders between the Qing and Chosun Dynasties and between the Qing Dynasty and Russia were not clearly drawn. As described above, Hong Taiji sent troops to the Tumen and Amur (the Heilong River (黑龍江) and Songhua River basins even after his enthronement in order to secure population. In these situations, Willow Palisade (Liutiao bian; 柳條邊) had been formed since the mid-17th century, and exclusion policy was conducted in the Manchurian (滿洲) region. Thus, many cross-border incidents occurred in the Tumen River area before building the boundary monument on Baekdu Mountain. This means that the Tumen River basin was regarded as a border area because any boundary stone was not placed and modern treaty was not concluded. This situation can be applied to the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Russia. In fact, China cannot accept the region where Nurhachi and Hong Taiji absorbed the population as Qing territory. This is because the Qing army absorbed only population by military forces and there is no record that they brought the region under their control as an administrative region of the Qing Dynasty.