명말 요동 변경지역을 둘러싼 명-후금-조선의 삼각관계
Liadong and Nurhaci: The Triangular Relations between Jurchens, Ming and Chosŏn
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This paper traces the rise of Nurhaci from the late sixteenth to the early seventeenth centuries, by focusing on the entangled relationship between the Jurchen, Ming Chinese, and Chosŏn Koreans, all of whom shared the Liaodong frontier. It analyzes the history that the control of Liaodong frontier was transferred from the Ming authority to the Later Jin, a process being also reflected in the transformation of the relationship between the Jurchens and Koreans. As the long residents in the Liaodong frontier and also semi-nomadic tribesmen, the Jurchens depended their living on animal hunting and plant collecting. Most of all, they were unable to develop a self-sufficient economy, a common feature which is found in every nomadic society in the world across time and space. The nomadic life and underdeveloped economy could not provide enough grains and necessities to support their populations. Therefore, for the Jurchens living in the Liaodong frontier, contacts and exchanges with their neighbors, especially sedentary peoples in Ming and Chosŏn territories, on a secure and regular basis were a crucial element in their survival. The uncivilized and foreign manners shown by the Jurchens discomforted the refined Chinese and Korean neighbors. However, it was mostly their constant visits, often mixed with raids, that bothered the Ming and Chosŏn authorities. In order to pacify their unruly neighbors in Liaodong, the Ming needed Chosŏn cooperation in military campaigns, diplomatic maneuvering, and trade policies. The semi-nomadic people in the Liaodong frontier was the principal source of the entangled history webbed between Jurchens, Chinese and Koreans.
Abstract
This paper traces the rise of Nurhaci from the late sixteenth to the early seventeenth centuries, by focusing on the entangled relationship between the Jurchen, Ming Chinese, and Chosŏn Koreans, all of whom shared the Liaodong frontier. It analyzes the history that the control of Liaodong frontier was transferred from the Ming authority to the Later Jin, a process being also reflected in the transformation of the relationship between the Jurchens and Koreans. As the long residents in the Liaodong frontier and also semi-nomadic tribesmen, the Jurchens depended their living on animal hunting and plant collecting. Most of all, they were unable to develop a self-sufficient economy, a common feature which is found in every nomadic society in the world across time and space. The nomadic life and underdeveloped economy could not provide enough grains and necessities to support their populations. Therefore, for the Jurchens living in the Liaodong frontier, contacts and exchanges with their neighbors, especially sedentary peoples in Ming and Chosŏn territories, on a secure and regular basis were a crucial element in their survival. The uncivilized and foreign manners shown by the Jurchens discomforted the refined Chinese and Korean neighbors. However, it was mostly their constant visits, often mixed with raids, that bothered the Ming and Chosŏn authorities. In order to pacify their unruly neighbors in Liaodong, the Ming needed Chosŏn cooperation in military campaigns, diplomatic maneuvering, and trade policies. The semi-nomadic people in the Liaodong frontier was the principal source of the entangled history webbed between Jurchens, Chinese and Koreans.
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