淸代 平略寨와 平秋寨의 界址 분쟁과 淸水江 중･상류 유역의 林業社會

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of the forestry society in the Qingshui River basin during the Qing Period through the dispute between Pinglue hamlet and Pingqiu hamlet in Jingping district. To shed light on this problem, a judgment document(Documents of Linzingzhai, 5-1-4-088~091) on the lawsuit between the two hamlets in the 『Documents of the Qingshui River』 was used. The lawsuit lasted for about 200 years from the 10th year of Emperor Yongzheng to the 6th year of the Republican period, and the related document contains changes in sales and shares of tree-planter between litigants, as well as changes in society and the administrative authorities in charge of litigation. Private documents in the Qingshui River basin during the Qing period, where forestry was developed, are common in this type of document dealing with lawsuits by individuals or villages, but we can see the following from the document containing 200 years of border disputes. First, the period from ligation to its resolution has been prolonged, and the regions of origin of the people involved in the litigation have diversified, which means that the interests of minority regions and society, which were relatively simple during the rule of tusi(土司), have become more complex over time. Based on the changes in the stake of the litigants appearing in the judgment document, the time when such changes began was the reign of the Jiaqing~Daoguang period. The important reasons for this change are the influx of immigrants from outside and the increase in timber sales. Therefore, in order to cope with these social changes, the Qing government resolved this kind of lawsuit through the formal bureaucrats, instead of the chief’s office(長官司) which remained until the year of the Daoguang reign. Second, as in other parts of the Qingshui River basin, a specific clan represented by Peng family purchased most of the property in Pinglue hamlet. However, toward the latter part of the Qing dynasty, they invested a lot of money in purchas of woods and shares of arborists in addition to real estate such as paddy and mountains. Through the judgment document, we can confirm that the defendants actively purchased the shares of arbiters. Of course, this phenomenon did not result in the interests of the arbiter, but it ultimately means that the stake of the arbiter or arbiter itself became more important as it went down to the second half of the Qing Dynasty than the mountains in the southeastern part of the Guizhou province. Finally, a person like Long Zhaode, who virtually does not exist in the Linxingzhai Documents, accused Peng Renbin or Peng Renpan, who has great economic power, and the relevant ruling ends with a mention that there is no stake owned by Ou Rongben who is neither the defendant nor the plaintiff. The answer to this situation can explain not only the meaning of the dispute between the two hamlets, but also social changes in southeastern Guizhou province after the middles of the Qing dynasty. Due to such social changes, unknown people such as Long Zhaode were able to challenge the Peng family, who were the influential people of Pinglue hamlet, and fierce competition also occurred among the influential people. It was an extension of such competition that other people in Pinglue hamlet tried to illegally purchase Peng Renbin’s property, or Peng Renbin, a leading family member of Pinglue hamlet, appeared as a defendant in a lawsuit related the land boundary. The reason why Ou Rongben sued the economically influential people of Pinglue hamlet under the pretext of passing through Pingqiu hamlet after ignoring the logging was to secure wood or tp advantage the ownership of shares under the pretext of land boundary. This is evidence that tensions in the southeastern part of Guizhou province have risen over the sale of wood. And the existence of such competition, conversely, may be one of the important factors that kept the forestry society of the Qingshui River basin for a long time, which is a meaningful topic to be devoted to in the future.