淸代 서남지역의 목재교역과 소수민족 상인 ― 貴州 錦屛縣 지역을 중심으로 ―
The Timber Trade and the Merchants of Minorities in Southwest China under the Qing ― In the Case of Jinping Region in Guizhou ―
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The southwest China, Guizhou and Yunnan, was occupied in Yuan period, but the dominance was mostly indirectcontrol through Tusi (native chieftain). Ming is the first dynasty to begin to have direct-control over this area, but the direct-control was only partial. So there were many cases of Tusi like a king that reigned his own subjects. In the system of control and public order of this area, the great change came when the Gaitu Guiliu (replacing native chieftains with regular officials) was put into force by Qing government. Minorities resisted the Gaitu Guiliu with violence and was confronted with the great massacre by Qing dynasty. The Gaitu Guiliu was performed after all, but their resistance was continued. Especially in Guizhou there were many regions to rise in revolt. But Jinping which was also the region of minorities (Sheng Miao area in Chinese term) was often not include such struggle history. Rather Jinping people enlisted in suppressing the revolt of the same tribe. What led them to make a decision like this? The Qingshui River flows through Jinping District. In the lower riversides a very prosperous timber market was held in Qing period. Jinping is a mountainous area with dense forests, being the one of the very important source of timber till recent times. It is a general rule in China that wherever exists forest land, the timber merchants rush in and greedily cut down all trees in a short span of time, leaving the entire area denuded. Whereas the Jinping region preserved the forests very well for a long time. The reason is that there were native merchants (Shanke) joining with another native agents (Sanjiang) and keeping the Han chinese merchants from the outside (Shuike) off the upper reaches of Qingshui River. Shuike could not but buy timber that was cut down by Shanke through Sanjiang. In proportion to prosperity of the timber trade, some of Shanke became rich and powerful in the community. They accepted Chinese culture, and for protection of their native social order, checked the purchase of land by those from the outside as possible. It presents striking contrast to the change of other areas of minorities where the aborigines were driven to be degraded to the tenant farming or to desert their home village by the entry of Han Chinese. The position of Shanke in Jinping made them turn against anti-Qing resistance of aborigines in neighborhood though they were also the same natives. What they want was to maintain the status quo rather than to recover their own traditional society or to regain the independence from China.
Abstract
The southwest China, Guizhou and Yunnan, was occupied in Yuan period, but the dominance was mostly indirectcontrol through Tusi (native chieftain). Ming is the first dynasty to begin to have direct-control over this area, but the direct-control was only partial. So there were many cases of Tusi like a king that reigned his own subjects. In the system of control and public order of this area, the great change came when the Gaitu Guiliu (replacing native chieftains with regular officials) was put into force by Qing government. Minorities resisted the Gaitu Guiliu with violence and was confronted with the great massacre by Qing dynasty. The Gaitu Guiliu was performed after all, but their resistance was continued. Especially in Guizhou there were many regions to rise in revolt. But Jinping which was also the region of minorities (Sheng Miao area in Chinese term) was often not include such struggle history. Rather Jinping people enlisted in suppressing the revolt of the same tribe. What led them to make a decision like this? The Qingshui River flows through Jinping District. In the lower riversides a very prosperous timber market was held in Qing period. Jinping is a mountainous area with dense forests, being the one of the very important source of timber till recent times. It is a general rule in China that wherever exists forest land, the timber merchants rush in and greedily cut down all trees in a short span of time, leaving the entire area denuded. Whereas the Jinping region preserved the forests very well for a long time. The reason is that there were native merchants (Shanke) joining with another native agents (Sanjiang) and keeping the Han chinese merchants from the outside (Shuike) off the upper reaches of Qingshui River. Shuike could not but buy timber that was cut down by Shanke through Sanjiang. In proportion to prosperity of the timber trade, some of Shanke became rich and powerful in the community. They accepted Chinese culture, and for protection of their native social order, checked the purchase of land by those from the outside as possible. It presents striking contrast to the change of other areas of minorities where the aborigines were driven to be degraded to the tenant farming or to desert their home village by the entry of Han Chinese. The position of Shanke in Jinping made them turn against anti-Qing resistance of aborigines in neighborhood though they were also the same natives. What they want was to maintain the status quo rather than to recover their own traditional society or to regain the independence from China.
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