청대 귀주성 청수강 유역 소수민족의 賣田과 裏面契約
Land Transactions and Dual Contracts among Minority Communities in the Qingshuijiang River Basin of Guizhou Province during the Qing Dynasty
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In the Qing dynasty, where taxes were imposed on landowners based on land units, it was necessary to ascertain the residency status of the owners and the state of land ownership. Therefore, transactions related to land and houses were mandated to be reported to the state. Consequently, Qing dynasty land contracts offer vital insights into the everyday strategies adopted within minority communities, between the state's principles and their modes of agreement. This study focuses on land sale contracts found in the 『Qingshuijiang Documents』, a collection of documents excavated from minority residences in the Qingshuijiang River basin in Guizhou Province. The practices of private transaction contracts transcend the dimension of everyday economic activities and hold significant meanings as expressions of the relationship between the region and the state, and of mutual interaction and trust-building within local communities. This paper analyzes the land sale contracts recorded in the 『Qingshuijiang Documents』 to reveal that officially recognized contracts coexist with those based on mutual trust within the community, and sometimes, dual contracts—‘red contract’ and ‘white contract’—were drafted to simultaneously ensure the stability of ownership and maintain the economic value of the transaction items as recognized locally. Additionally, while drafting these dual contracts, the sale price listed in the ‘red contract’ was approximately half of that recorded in the ‘white contract’. This was understood as a measure to reduce the transfer tax payable to the authorities. However, this implies that relying on the sale prices listed in the ‘red contract’ to ascertain the actual land prices at the time may not fully reflect the reality. When creating any economic-related data based on both red and white contracts, the possibility of distortion must be considered. The reliability of the sale prices presented in the ‘red contract’, including the feasibility of compiling any statistics based on them, needs to be reconsidered.
Abstract
In the Qing dynasty, where taxes were imposed on landowners based on land units, it was necessary to ascertain the residency status of the owners and the state of land ownership. Therefore, transactions related to land and houses were mandated to be reported to the state. Consequently, Qing dynasty land contracts offer vital insights into the everyday strategies adopted within minority communities, between the state's principles and their modes of agreement. This study focuses on land sale contracts found in the 『Qingshuijiang Documents』, a collection of documents excavated from minority residences in the Qingshuijiang River basin in Guizhou Province. The practices of private transaction contracts transcend the dimension of everyday economic activities and hold significant meanings as expressions of the relationship between the region and the state, and of mutual interaction and trust-building within local communities. This paper analyzes the land sale contracts recorded in the 『Qingshuijiang Documents』 to reveal that officially recognized contracts coexist with those based on mutual trust within the community, and sometimes, dual contracts—‘red contract’ and ‘white contract’—were drafted to simultaneously ensure the stability of ownership and maintain the economic value of the transaction items as recognized locally. Additionally, while drafting these dual contracts, the sale price listed in the ‘red contract’ was approximately half of that recorded in the ‘white contract’. This was understood as a measure to reduce the transfer tax payable to the authorities. However, this implies that relying on the sale prices listed in the ‘red contract’ to ascertain the actual land prices at the time may not fully reflect the reality. When creating any economic-related data based on both red and white contracts, the possibility of distortion must be considered. The reliability of the sale prices presented in the ‘red contract’, including the feasibility of compiling any statistics based on them, needs to be reconsidered.
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