반역하는 ‘단카이(團塊)’ -전공투(全共鬪)와 일본의 대중사회-

Abstract

‘Zenkyoto’ is a fierce rebellion against the older generation and the existing society which was experienced by ‘Dankai’ generation in their youth, who correspond to the baby boom generation in postwar Japan. Therefore, Zenkyoto can be a very effective clue to understanding space and time, high growth in postwar Japan and a progress for mass society, which is its background. This paper examined a Japanese student movement,Zenkyoto which took place in the late 1960s associating it with Japanese mass society. Zenkyoto movement occurred in the reality of universities becoming popular where the number of college students increased in a massive way. Universities were faced with many problems without corresponding to the expansion of the scale, and a superficial beginning of Zenkyoto was involved with problems with the school. However, the rebellion of these ambiguous subjects of ‘intellectuals as mass’ was expanded to anti-Vietnam War or New-Left Movement without being limited to problems within the school. This was already predicted in a fact that new left students sects at the time of a struggle against Japan-USA Security Treaty in 1960, which is as a prehistory of Zenkyoto were also participated in ‘Zenkyoto’ as a result of undergoing change. But Zenkyoto at the early stage was a movement led by non-sect students rather than those belonging to sect and the very aspect of this was its new characteristic which is differentiated from previous student movements. ‘Zenkyoto’ led to a discussion on intellectuals and the public in Japanese society. They defined themselves not as elites but as the general public and raised a question on intellectuals’ classical role of enlightenment of the public and their position. ‘Zenkyoto’ was also a route of ‘self-expression’ and ‘self-confirmation’ for the postwar generation grown up in mass society,which is represented as homogeneous cultural sensitivity of so-called ‘TV community’. They were a generation pursuing liberation of honest sensitivity breaking from rigorism in barricades while enjoying a variety of non-mainstream cultures. Freewheeling expressions and affirmation of desire differentiated from their parents’ generation is pointed out as a sort of enjoyment ‘Zenkyoto’ has, and they are accepted critically sometimes or positively sometimes. However, Zenkyoto went to extremes being accompanied by violence with the lapse of time, and some of the existing ‘non-sect’ was absorbed into sect and unification into the group ran to extremes. As their operation methods deviated from democratic ones and it was transformed into a field of fight for hegemony of sect, finally it became extinct as a movement isolated from the public. After their struggle ended, the rebellion by Dankai generation most of whom ‘corporate warriors’ was on various spectra between ‘subjects’ and ‘blind following.’ Eventually, Zenkyoto in itself became a movement limited to a transient one. However, features of their being and their questions towards the world were headed for high growth and mass society where they were raised and positioned, which have become a reason why Zenkyoto is significant in modern society as well.