On peculiar intensive adjectives in Moghol and Santa(Dongxiang)
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It has been claimed in Kim (2014) that no linking consonant other than the Common Mongolic *b, e. g. Dagur xab xar ‘coal-black’, ever occurs in reduplicated intensive adjectives in Mongolic languages: forms such as Dagur čim čigaan ‘snow-white’, Khalkha bas batu ‘very firm’ and Kalmuck bim bitü ‘firmly closed’, with supposed linking /m/ and /s/, are, in the final analysis, adjectives with intensifying adverbials rather than reduplicated prefixes. In this paper, I follow up on this finding with two more cases of pseudo-linking consonants that have remained problematic up to now: Moghol uf ulān ‘very red’ and Santa xup ulaʁaŋ ‘very red’, which appear to have linking /f/ and /p/. It is argued that they also receive an alternative explanation, as adjectives with emphatic enclitic /pu/, an infixed particle found also in intensive adjectives of Turkish and Finnish. In support of this claim I show that 1) /f/ is not a phoneme in Moghol but only occurs as a variant of native and foreign/p/; 2) the underlying morphological structures of Moghol uf ulān and Santa xup ulaʁaŋ are, respectively, *u-pu-lān and *xu-pu-laʁaŋ, both with an old emphatic enclitic /pu/ that must have once been widespread in Uralic and Altaic languages; 3) it is the phonetic variant of this foreign /p/ that appears as /f/ in Moghol u-fu-lān.
Abstract
It has been claimed in Kim (2014) that no linking consonant other than the Common Mongolic *b, e. g. Dagur xab xar ‘coal-black’, ever occurs in reduplicated intensive adjectives in Mongolic languages: forms such as Dagur čim čigaan ‘snow-white’, Khalkha bas batu ‘very firm’ and Kalmuck bim bitü ‘firmly closed’, with supposed linking /m/ and /s/, are, in the final analysis, adjectives with intensifying adverbials rather than reduplicated prefixes. In this paper, I follow up on this finding with two more cases of pseudo-linking consonants that have remained problematic up to now: Moghol uf ulān ‘very red’ and Santa xup ulaʁaŋ ‘very red’, which appear to have linking /f/ and /p/. It is argued that they also receive an alternative explanation, as adjectives with emphatic enclitic /pu/, an infixed particle found also in intensive adjectives of Turkish and Finnish. In support of this claim I show that 1) /f/ is not a phoneme in Moghol but only occurs as a variant of native and foreign/p/; 2) the underlying morphological structures of Moghol uf ulān and Santa xup ulaʁaŋ are, respectively, *u-pu-lān and *xu-pu-laʁaŋ, both with an old emphatic enclitic /pu/ that must have once been widespread in Uralic and Altaic languages; 3) it is the phonetic variant of this foreign /p/ that appears as /f/ in Moghol u-fu-lān.
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