드워킨과 코헨 간 비싼 기호 논쟁에 관한 소고
A Note on the Expensive Taste Debate between Dworkin and Cohen
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평등주의적 정의의 통화가 복지평등인가 자원평등인가에 대해서 드워킨(Dworkin) (1981)은 비싼 기호 반증예를 통해서 복지평등 원리를 패배시킨다. 그리고 자원평등의 승리를 주장한다. 비싼 기호(복지 결핍) 보상을 반대하고 자원결핍 보상을 찬성한다. 코헨(Cohen) (1989)은 복지평등의 패배가 자원평등의 승리를 의미하지 않는다고 주장한다. 비싼 기호를 자발적/비자발적 구분하여 자발적 비싼 기호 보상을 반대하고 비자발적 비싼 기호 보상을 찬성한다. 드워킨(2000)은 복지평등 원리 밑에서 자발적 비싼 기호 개념은 실체가 없는 개념이라고 주장한다. 비싼 기호를 선호변환 알약 검사를 통해서, 수락시 기호불운형과 거절시 가격불운형으로 구분한다. 기호불운 비싼 기호 보상을 찬성하고, 가격불운 비싼 기호 보상을 반대한다. 코헨(2004)는 비싼 기호를 가치판단형과 비가치판단형으로 구분한다. 가치판단형의 경우, 알약을 거절한다고 보상하지 않는 것에 이의를 제기한다. 드위킨(2004)는 가치판단형/비가치판단형 구분을 가격불운/기호불운 구분으로 보아 2000년 주장을 반복한다. 필자는 드워킨의 비싼 기호 개념과 코헨의 비싼 기호 개념 사이의 차이를 보인 후, 이를 바탕으로 비싼 기호 논쟁 상 혼선을 막고, 알약 검사 결과의 해석 상 문제점을 지적한다. 선호형성에 따른 책임 논의에서 드워킨의 견해를 전방주시적･평등유지적 견해로 코헨의 견해를 후방주시적･불평등제거적 견해로 구분하여 좌파 자유주의자 드워킨과 사회주의자 코헨 사이의 차이를 이해할 수 있는 관점을 제시한다.
Abstract
On the currency of egalitarian justice debate, Dworkin(1981) argues that expensive taste counterexamples defeat the principle of equality of welfare, claiming victory of the principle of equality of resources. He objects compensating for expensive tastes (welfare deficiencies) and agrees compensating for resource deficiencies. Cohen(1989) distinguish between involuntary expensive tastes and voluntary ones. He, too, objects compensating for voluntary expensive tastes but argues for compensating for involuntary ones. Dworkin(2000) argues that the notion of voluntary expensive tastes under the principle of equality of welfare becomes illusory. He distinguishes between bad preference luck and bad price luck on the basis of acceptance and refusal of the preference-changing pill. He is against compensating for bad price luck provided that the preference-changing pill is accepted and for compensating for bad preference luck provided that the pill is refused. Cohen(2004) distinguishes expensive brute tastes and expensive judgmental tastes. He demurs to not compensating for expensive judgmental tastes because of the refusal of the pill. Dworkin(2004) is not convinced. This paper brings out the difference between Dwrokin’s weak definition of expensive taste and Cohen’s strong definition of expensive taste, cleans up some confusions, and shows the difficulties in interpreting the pill-test results. On the responsibility issue of preference formation, I distinguish between Dworkin’s viewpoint as the forward-looking and equality- sustaining one and Cohen’s viewpoint as the backward-looking and inequality-eliminating one and propose a perspective for understanding the differences between Dworkin, a left-liberal and Cohen, a socialist.
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