장애(인)와 정의의 철학적 기초
Disability and Justice: Focusing on A Revised Capability Approach
0
조회
0
다운로드
19
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 논문의 목적은 장애(인)에 대한 부정의(injustice)를 제거할 수 있는 현실성을 담보한 이상론(ideal theory), 즉 비이상론(non-ideal theory)의 방향성을 제시하는 통합적 정의론을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 기존의 장애인에 대한 정의론을 비판적으로 검토한다. 기존의 장애인에 대한 정의론은 존 롤즈(John Rawls)의 계약론적 정의론이나 마사 누스바움(Martha Nussbaum)의 역량 중심 접근법(capability approach)에 토대를 두고 있는데, 기존의 정의론들은 원칙의 정당화와 재화의 분배 과정에서 장애인을 결여되고 의존적인 존재로 폄하하는 인식적 부정의(epistemic injustice)뿐만 아니라, 장애인을 사회적 주체에서 배제하여 차별과 착취를 고착화하는 부정의를 초래한다. 왜냐하면 기존의 논의는 장애에 대한 의료적 모델(medical model of disability)이나 사회적 모델(social model of disability)이 전제하는 정상성(normality) 개념을 토대로 하기 때문이다. 본 논문은 이러한 기존 정의론의 한계와 문제점을 극복하면서도, 현실성과 정당성을 담지한 장애인에 대한 정의론을 제시하기 위해, 수정된 역량 중심 접근법에 입각한 정의론을 제안한다. 수정된 역량 중심 접근법에 입각한 장애인에 대한 정의론은 상호의존적(interdependent) 인간관에 기반을 두고, 정의를 위해 제도적 측면과 비제도적 측면인 문화와 태도 등의 통합적 접근을 강조하면서도, 장애인을 정당화와 분배의 주체로 인정하여 그들의 정체성과 문화를 존중한다. 이러한 정의론은 장애(인)에 대한 부정의를 제거할 수 있는 현실성을 담보한 이상론으로, 점진적인 개혁을 통해 정의로운 사회를 확립하는데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to suggest a theory of justice concerning disability, which is not only justifiable from an ethical perspective, but is also feasible for removing injustice from disability. I examine two prior theories of justice on disability: a contractarian theory based on John Rawls’s theory of justice and a non-contractarian theory based on Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach. While Rawls’ approach is prevailing, his theory tends to result in injustice. This is because it excludes individuals with disabilities from the process of justification, defining that a contractor should have the cognitive ability to enter into a contract, which many individuals with cognitive disabilities lack. In addition, because it considers individuals with disabilities as recipients of distributive justice, the theory considers such individuals as inferior and dependent upon the distribution process. At the same time, despite non-contractarian features, Nussbaum’s capabilities approach excludes individuals with disabilities from the justification process and considers such individuals as inferior and dependent. This is because Nussbaum proposes a list of capabilities for justice, which is not justifiable for its tendency toward essentialism. In addition, this is because it considers the metric of justice as a functioning, which results in paternalistic distribution, rather than capability as freedom. Despite some limitations and problems, the capability approach has some merit for a theory of justice concerning disability when it comes to the perspective of interdependent personhood and human diversity, the priority of capability as freedom, etc. Thus, I suggest a theory of justice concerning disability based on a revised version of the capabilities approach. This theory, which respects individuals with disabilities without exclusion, would help realize an ideal and just society for such individuals, guiding a social system and culture to be favorable toward individuals with disabilities through a gradual process.
참고문헌 (69)
- 고용개발원, "2011 장애인 통계", ~ (2011)
- 공지영, "도가니" (2009), 창비
- 김도현, "장애학 함께 읽기" (2009), 그린비
- 김두식, "불편해도 괜찮아 : 영화보다 재미있는 인권 이야기" (2010), 창비
- 권선진, "나는 '나쁜' 장애인이고 싶다" (2002), 삼인
- 목광수, "역량 중심 접근법과 인정의 문제 ― 개발 윤리와의 관련 하에서 고찰 ―", 철학, (104), pp.215~239 (2010), 한국철학회
- 목광수, "이상론과 비이상론의 관계에 대한 고찰: 존 롤즈의 정의론을 중심으로", 철학논총, 65(3), pp.209~228 (2011), 새한철학회
- 목광수, "아마티아 센의 정의론에 대한 비판적 고찰: 민주주의 논의를 중심으로", 철학연구, (93), pp.149~174 (2011), 철학연구회
- 정근식, "장애의 새로운 인식을 위하여: 문화비판으로서의 장애의 사회사, In 나는 ‘나쁜’ 장애인이고 싶다" (2002), 삼인
- Anderson, Elizabeth, "Justifying the Capabilities Approach to Justice, In Measuring Justice: Capabilities and Primary Goods", pp.81~100 (2010), Cambridge University Press
- Arneson, Richard, "Liberalism, Distributive Subjectivism, and Equal Opportunity for Welfare", Philosophy and Public Affairs, 19 (1990)
- Barnes, Colin, "억압의 유산: 서구문화에서 장애의 역사, In 장애학: 과거, 현재, 미래" (1996), 대구 DPI
- Baruch, S, "Genetic Testing of Embryos: Practices and Perspectives of U.S. IVF Clinics", Fertility and Sterility (2007)
- Baynton, Douglas C, "Forbidden Signs" (1996), University of Chicago Press
- Becker, Lawrence C, "Reciprocity, Justice, and Disability", Ethics, 116 (2005)
- or Justice for All: A Response to Martha Nussbaum, In Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy, "Equality, Freedom, and", pp.2010, Bérubé, Michael
- Buchanan, Allen, "From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Burchardt, Tania, "Capabilities and disability: the capabilities framework and the social model of disability", Disability & Society, 17(7) (2004)
- Crow, Liz, "Renewing the social model of disability", Coalition News. Greater Manchester Coalition of Disabled People, ~ (1992)
- Daniels, Norman, "Justice and Health Care, In Health Care Ethics: An Introduction" (1987), Temple University Press
- Contractualism, "Contractarianism", pp.2003, Darwall, Stephen
- Foucault, M, "The History of Sexuality: Volume 1: an introduction" (1980), Penguin
- Fox, Dov, "The Illiberality of Liberal Eugenics", Ratio, 20(1) (2007)
- Fraser, Nancy, "Redistribution or Recognition: A Political-Philosophical Exchange" (2003), Verso
- Fricker, Miranda, "Epistemic Injustice" (2007), Oxford University Press
- Gautier, David, "Morals by Agreement" (1986), Oxford University Press
- Handley, P, "Theorising Disability: Beyond Common Sense", Politics, 23(2) (2003)
- Hartley, Christie, "Justice for the Disabled: A Contractualist Approach", Journal of Social Philosophy, 40(1) (2009)
- Jaggar, Alison M, "Reasoning About Well-Being: Nussbaum's Methods of Justifying the Capabilities", The Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(3) (2006)
- Kahane, Guy, "The Welfarist Account of Disability, In Disability and Disadvantage" (2009), Oxford University Press
- Kaplan, Deborah, "The Definition of Disability: Perspective of the Disability Community", Journal of Health Care Law & Policy, 3, pp.352~ (2000)
- Kittay, Eva Feder, "Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency" (1999), Routeledge
- Kittay, Eva Feder, "When Caring is Just and Justice is Caring: Justice and Mental Retardation", Public Culture, 13 (2001)
- Kittay, Eva Feder, "At the Margins of Moral Personhood", Ethics, 116 (2005)
- Kittay, Eva Feder, "Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy" (2010), Wiley -Blackwell
- McMahan, Jeff, "Cognitive Disability and Cognitive Enhancement, In Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy" (2010), Wiley-Blackwell
- Mitra, Sophie, "The Capability Approach and Disability", Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 16(4) (2006)
- Morris, Jenny, "Pride Against Prejudice: Personal Politics of Disability" (1991), Women's Press
- Nozick, Robert, "Anarchy, State and Utopia" (1974), Basic Books
- Nussbaum, Martha, "Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Nussbaum, Martha, "Disabled Lives: Who Cares?" (2001), The New York Review of Books
- Nussbaum, Martha, "Symposium on Amartya Sen's philosophy: 5 Adaptive Preferences and women's options", Economics and Philosophy, 17 (2001)
- Nussbaum, Martha, "Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice", Feminist Economics, 9(2) (2003)
- Nussbaum, Martha, "Frontiers of Justice" (2006), Cambridge University Press
- Nussbaum, Martha, "The Capabilities of People with Cognitive Disabilities, In Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy" (2010), Wiley-Blackwell
- Nussbaum, Martha, "Creating Capabilities" (2011), Harvard University Press
- Oliver, Michael, "The Politics of Disablement" (1990), Palgrave Macmillan
- Oliver, Michael, "Understanding disability: from theory to practice" (1996), Macmillan
- "‘Disabled Lives’ - a commentary" (2001)[URL]
- Pogge, Thomas, "Can the Capability Approach be justified?", Philosophical Topics, 30(2) (2002)
- Rawls, John, "A Theory of Justice" (1971), Harvard University Press
- Rawls, John, "Political Liberalism" (1993), Columbia University Press
- Sen, Amartya, "Equality of What?, In The Tanner Lectures on Human Values" (1979), University of Utah Press
- Sen, Amartya, "Development as Freedom" (1999), Knopf
- Sen, Amartya, "Capabilities, Lists, and Public Reason: Continuing the Conversation", Feminist Economics, 10(3) (2004)
- Sen, Amartya, "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Harvard University Press
- Silvers, Anita, "Formal Justice, In Disability, Difference, Discrimination: Perspectives on Justice in Bioethics and Public Policy" (1998), Rowman&Littlefield Publishers
- Silvers, Antian, "Justice through Trust: Disability and the ‘Outlier Problem’ in Social Contract Theory", Ethics, 116 (2005)
- Smith, Steven, "Distorted ideals: the ”problem of dependency“ and the mythology of independent living", Social Theory and Practice (2001)
- Smith, Steven, "Social justice and disability: competing interpretations of the medical and social models, In Arguing about Disability: Philosophical Perspectives" (2008), Routledge
- Stark, Cynthia A, "How to Include the Severely Disabled in a Contractarian Theory of Justice", Journal of Political Philosophy, 15(2) (2007)
- Stark, Cynthia A, "How to Include the Severely Disabled in a Contractarian Theory of Justice", Journal of Political Philosophy, 15(2) (2007)
- Sunderland, Naomi, "Missing discourses: concepts of joy and happiness in disability", Disability & Society, 24(6) (2009)
- Terzi, Lorella, "The Social Model of Disability: A Philosophical Critique", Journal of Applied Philosophy, 23(2) (2004)
- Terzi, Lorella, "Vagaries of the Natural Lottery? Human Diaversity, Disability, and Justice: A Capability Perspective, In Disability and Disadvantage" (2009), Oxford University Press
- Tronto, Joan C, "Moral boundaries: a political argument for an ethic of care" (1994), Routledge
- Veatch, Robert, "The Foundation of Justice: Why the Retarded and the Rest of Us Have Claims to Equality" (1986), Oxford University Press
- Wasserman, David, "Disability, capability and thresholds for distributive justice, In Capability equality: basic issues and problems" (2006), Routledge
- Young, Irish, "Asymmetrical Reciprocity: On Moral Respect, Wonder, and Enlarged Thought", Constellations, 3(3) (1997)