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CISG상 서식전쟁의 해결에 관한 해석론

Interpretative Analysis on Resolving “Battle of the Forms” Under the CISG

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매도인과 매수인 간에 계약의 협상과정에서 교환된 약관(standard terms)이 충돌하는 경우를 ‘서식전쟁(battle of the forms)’이라고 한다. CISG는 서식전쟁에 관한 구체적인 규정을두고 있지 않으므로 그 해결에 대하여 다양한 견해들이 대립하고 있으며, 각국 법원의 해석도 일치되지 않고 있는 실정이다. CISG상 서식전쟁의 해결방안으로 제시되고 있는 견해들은 CISG 제19조의 적용에 따른 최후발포이론에 의한 해결을 지지하는 견해(제1설), CISG 제19조의 묵시적 배제를 주장하는 견해(제2설), 계약의 성립에 대해서만 CISG 제19 조를 적용하는 견해(제3설), 국내법에 의한 해결을 주장하는 견해(제4설), CISG 제7조 제2 항을 근거로 충돌제거이론에 의한 해결을 주장하는 견해(제5설) 등 다섯 가지로 범주화할수 있다. 위와 같은 견해 대립은 서식전쟁에서 변경을 가한 승낙에 관한 규정인 CISG 제19조를적용할 것인지에 대한 입장의 차이에서부터 비롯된다. 서식전쟁은 계약의 성립 측면에서보면 청약과 승낙의 불일치로 인하여 발생하는 것으로 변경을 가한 승낙의 문제와 관련되나, 통상의 청약과 승낙에 의한 계약의 경우에는 양 당사자가 그 불일치를 인식하고 있는반면, 서식전쟁은 양 당사자가 그 불일치에 대한 인식이 없는 것이 일반적이라는 점을 고려할 때, 통상의 청약과 승낙에 의한 계약의 경우와는 달리 취급하여야 한다. 따라서 CISG 제19조는 통상의 청약과 승낙에 의한 계약의 경우, 즉 당사자들이 개별적으로 협상을 하는주요거래조건(dickered terms)의 충돌에만 적용되어야 하며, 약관(standard terms)의 충돌 문제인 서식전쟁에 적용되어서는 아니 된다. PICC 및 PECL이 통상의 청약과 승낙에 의한계약의 경우에는 최후발포이론을 취하는 반면, 서식전쟁의 경우에는 충돌제거이론을 취하고 있는 것은 서식전쟁의 위와 같은 특수성을 인정하고 있기 때문이다. 이러한 점에서 서식전쟁을 CISG상 공백으로 보지 않고 CISG 제19조를 적용하여 해결하고자 하는 견해인 제1설 및 제2설, 제3설은 타당하지 않다. 제1설은 당사자의 의사와는 관계없이 계약의 이행행위를 최후에 송부된 약관에 대한 절대적인 동의로 보고 있으나, CISG 제8조의 해석원칙을 적용하여 볼 때 계약의 이행행위를 약관의 충돌에도 불구하고 계약을성립시키고자 하는 의도로 해석할 수는 있어도 자신의 약관을 부정하는 동시에 자신이 인식하지 못한 충돌하는 조건을 포함한 상대방의 약관에 동의하는 것으로는 해석할 수 없다. 한편 제2설 및 제3설이 계약의 이행행위 전후로 나누어 논리적으로 상반된 전제를 하고 있는 CISG 제19조 및 충돌제거이론을 각각 적용하는 것은 타당하지 않다. 서식전쟁은 계약의 성립 문제로서 CISG의 적용범위에 포함되나 CISG에서 명시적으로 해결되지 아니하는 공백(gap)이다. 따라서 서식전쟁을 계약의 유효성 문제로 보고 CISG의적용범위에 포함되지 아니하는 것으로 보는 제4설도 타당하지 않다. 결국 서식전쟁은 제5설에서 주장하는 바와 같이 CISG 제7조 제2항이 규정한 ‘CISG에의하여 규율되는 사항으로서 CISG에서 명시적으로 해결되지 아니하는 문제’로서 ‘CISG가기초하는 일반원칙’에 의하여 충돌제거이론을 적용하여 해결하여야 한다. 이러한 점에서CISG 제2편이 기초하고 있는 일반원칙에 의하면 CISG 제14조에서 추론할 수 있는 바와같이 물품, 수량, 대금 조건의 합의가 있고 당사자들의 계약에의 합의가 충분히 확정적이라면 약관의 충돌에도 불구하고 계약은 성립한다고 하여야 할 것이다. 또한 CISG 제6조, 제8 조 및 제11조에서 추론할 수 있는 바와 같이 CISG는 당사자의 의사를 존중하고 당사자의공통된 의도에 따라 계약의 성립을 인정하므로 계약의 내용은 합의된 조건 및 양 약관의공통된 조건에 의하며, 상충되는 조건은 제거되고 그 공백은 CISG 및 법정지의 국제사법규칙이 지정하는 준거법에 의하여 보충되어야 할 것이다.

Abstract

The conflicts of the standard terms exchanged between the buyer and the seller in the process of contract negotiations would ultimately be induced to the issues of the so-called “the battle of the forms”. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) does not contain any specific rules on the battle of the forms. As a result, there have been a wide diversity of interpretations suggested by the courts’ decisions and commentators’ views as to the battle of the forms under the CISG. We could possibly classify and categorize these positions into at least five differing approaches or perspectives to resolving the battle of the forms under the CISG, i.e. (1) the view suggesting that the battle of the forms would be resolved by last-shot rule on the basis of applying Article 19 of the CISG (the first view), (2) the view asserting that the implicit exclusion of Article 19 of the CISG would be justified(the second view), (3) the view insisting that the application of Article 19 of the CISG shall only be applied to the issue of formation of the contract(the third view), (4) the view propounding that the regulations as to the battle of the forms shall be sought and found in the applicable domestic law(the fourth view), (5) the view insisting that the battle of the forms would be understood to be a gap in the CISG, thus to be resolved by the application of the general principles pursuant to Article 7(2) of the CISG(the fifth view). The above controversies have come to arise from the divergent understanding of the application of Article 19 of the CISG concerning the modified acceptance of the battle of the forms. The battle of the forms would arguably be related to the modified acceptance with regard to formation of the contract, however it has to be dealt with separately from the general formation of the contract by the offer and the acceptance. While the parties of the contract in the course of general formation of the contract by the offer and acceptance usually recognize the discrepancies between the offer and the acceptance, the parties of the contract under the circumstances of battle of the forms would hardly know the existence of the conflicting standard terms. Therefore, Article 19 of the CISG shall apply only to the conflicts of the dickered terms on which the parties negotiate individually, but it shall not apply to the conflicts of the standard terms. According to the distinctive nature of the battle of the forms as above mentioned, the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts(PICC), and the Principles of European Contract Law(PECL) are adopting the “last-shot rule” to the general formation of the offer and the acceptance while adopting the “knock-out rule” to the battle of the forms. On this ground, the first and the second view as well as the third view all of which do not recognize the gap of the CISG, and thus seek to resolve the battle of the forms by applying Article 19 of the CISG would hardly be justified. Under the first view, the act of performance will always serve as an unconditional assent to the last form irrespective of the parties’ intent. However, in light of the interpretive norms in Article 8 of the CISG, it might be possible to interpret an act of performance as the parties’ intent to conclude a contract notwithstanding the conflict of the standard terms. But it might be unjustified to interpret an act of performance to be in conformity with the other party’s unknown conflicting terms, thus resulting in negating or denying one’s previous terms. Furthermore the second view and the third view would be unsubstantiated since these views acknowledge in appling both Article 19 of the CISG and the knock-out rule respectively and independently, which are based on the contrary premises, to the contract in dispute depending on the timing of the performance. The battle of the forms regarding to the issue of formation of the contract which is within the scope of the CISG, appears to be a gap not to be readily subject to the express resolution by the CISG. Therefore the fourth view which considers the battle of the forms as a question of validity not to be governed by the CISG would hardly be justifiable. Accordingly, as the suggestion of the fifth view, the battle of the forms would amount to the questions concerning matters to be governed by the CISG, but not to be settled in it under the Article 7(2) of the CISG. Thus the “knock-out rule” would have to be applied pursuant to the “general principles on which the CISG is based”. In accordance with the general principles that are reasonably induced from Part Ⅱ of the CISG, where there is an sufficiently definite agreement on the terms of goods, price and quantity in conformity with Article 14 of the CISG, the contract would be interpreted to be formed notwithstanding the conflict of the standard terms. As we can draw an inference from Articles 6, 8, and 11 of the CISG, the CISG identifies and gives effect to an actual intent of the parties and recognizes the formation of the contract on the basis of the parties’ common intent. Therefore the conflicting terms knock each other out and the gaps are to be filled by the provisions of the CISG as well as the default rules of the governing jurisdiction to which the forum rules of private international law lead, so that the contents of the contract would be the standard terms which are common in substance together with the agreed terms.

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