언어 유형론적으로 본 에스페란토
Esperanto from a typological perspective: Extreme, but non-Altaic agglutination
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본 논문에서는 언어 유형론적으로 본 에스페란토에 대해서 그 유럽성과 교착성에 주목하여 살펴보고자 한다. 20세기 전반까지는 많은 언어학자들이 인공적인 국제 보조언어에 대한 관심을 보였는데, 언어 설계에 대한 제안은 그 당시의 언어 유형론적인 성과에 기반을 두고 있었다. 에스페란토는 교착적인 언어로 알려져 있다. 그렇다면 교착성의 관점에서 볼 때 에스페란토는 한국어와 같은 부류에 속하게 되는데, 에스페란토와 한국어를 전체적으로 볼 때 전혀 성질이 다른 언어로 보인다. 한국에서는 한국어의 유형적 특징에 대하여 교착성을 강조하는 경향이 있는데, 사피어의 관점에서는 교착성은 정도의 문제에 불과하며, 주된 언어 부류로 보기는 힘들다. 또한, 교착적인 형태법을 이용하면서, 한국어에서는 볼 수 없는 호응 시스템을 실현하고 있는 에스페란토는 사피어의 유형론에서 한국어와는 다른 부류에 속하게 될 것이다. 에스페란토라는 교착어와 대비시킬 때, 교착성이 한국어를 특징짓는 특성인지 재고의 여지가 있다고 생각한다.
Abstract
In this article, we examine Esperanto from the perspective of linguistic typology, paying attention to its Europeanness and agglutination. Until the first half of the 20th century, many linguists showed an interest in artificial international auxiliary languages; their proposals to create an international language were based on the achievements of the linguistic typology of the time. Esperanto is known to belong to the "agglutinative" language type, which, in terms of classical linguistic typology, means it is a language of the same type as Korean. However, considerable differences between Esperanto and Korean remain unexplained in terms of agglutination, though this is a feature which allegedly characterizes the language according to those linguists who place much emphasis on it, a tendency often seen in Korea. More illuminating is the typological classification of languages proposed by Sapir, who is less interested in quantitative scales such as the "index" of agglutination, although often misunderstood by post-Greenbergian typologists. Esperanto, which uses agglutinative morphology to realize methods of concord that are absent in Korean, would be assigned an utterly different position than Korean in Sapir's typology. We argue that it is necessary to reconsider whether agglutination is a characteristic trait of Korean (and possibly other languages), considering the much more consistent utilization of morphological concatenation exhibited by a non-Altaic type of language such as Esperanto.
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