论“知识经济”背景下的知识产权公共领域
Studies on Public Domain of Intellectual Property Rights under the Context of “ Knowledge-based Economy ”
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초록
知识经济下的技术发展使得“大规模的合同协同创新”模式成为可能，人们从被动的知识产权专有权的消费者转变为积极利用公共领域进行创新的创造者。这种创新模式不仅带来了创意产业，共享经济等新的经济增长点，而且也改变了公共领域传统静态被动利用的状态，使其成为创新的积极因素。网络技术创新也同时扩展了公共领域的成果，“准公共领域”的出现扩大知识产权公共领域，也实质上扩张了人类文明的公共空间。因此知识产权公共领域应当从新被定义为：公众无需许可径直使用或者平等无歧视的使用智力成果的权利和自由。相应的，“准公共领域”应当被定义为：受知识产法调整的，无需经他人许可即可善意使用智力成果的权利。 从历史的角度看，知识和技术曾经很大程度上属于公有领域的内容，随着商品经济的出现特别是工业革命后技术带来的商业利益，使本属于公共领域的一些知识通过“圈地”变成私人财产，知识产权制度缘此而形成和发展。而知识经济和数字时代的到来及人类面对的诸多公共问题，知识产权制度也相应地从强调“专有权保护”，逐渐演变为倡导和发展“保护”与“协作共享”并重的态势，由此使知识产权公共领域问题日显突出。从知识产权制度背后的哲学原理的角度看来，道义论和后果论强调知识产权制度应当对社会产生有益价值；洛克劳动创造财富理论，关注到专有权应当以有利于维持和拓展公共领域的方式发展；康德自然权利理论侧重于保护创造者的固有权利，而通过专有权获得利益并非属于自然权利。这些理论都强调，知识产权专有权和公共领域都同样重要，知识产权制度的发展应当有益于扩展人类创造的智慧成果，有益于社会的发展。 知识产权公共领域面临知识产权专有权扩张侵蚀公共领域，以及公共领域缺乏保护的困境。知识产权专有权保护期不断延长，新创设的专有权利越来越多，专有权逐渐“侵占”公共领域的现象越来越严重。与此同时，公共领域长期缺乏法律的保护。中国在知识产权公共领域保护方面没有明确专门立法，而是通过含义宽泛的立法语言涵射在内。在中国的司法实践中，公共领域的抗辩出现较晚，包括了何者为公共领域，何时进入公共领域，以及公共领域资源的合理利用问题。 建立确定的，可获得和可持续，非排他性以及非竞争性的强有力的知识产权公共领域制度，对发挥纠正偏狭的知识产权制度和促进创新的十分必要。知识产权法成为“良法”关键在于如何在知识产权私权和公共领域之间寻找到一种平衡，专有权的扩张应当审慎谦抑，同时注意到在开放创新和共创、共享、共有、共赢的知识经济下强有力的公共领域的重要性，以促进全人类的共同进步和提升整体福祉。
Abstract
The ultimate goal and destination of the public domain of intellectual property should be to encourage innovation and expand public civilization space for mankind. From Enlightenment age to the Internet age, intellectual property rights came from the public domain and ultimately reversed to public domain. The theories, including Aristotle’s theory of deontology and consequences and Locke’s labor theory as well as Kant’s theory of natural rights, all believes that intellectual property rights are equally important in the public domain. Public domain resources are the source of innovation. Especially with the new technology in the digital age, the utilization of the public domain has gradually shifted from the traditional negative model to the positive utilization model. However, current intellectual property regime has been criticized to be a kind of protectionism against innovation. It is necessary to develop public domain to promote new innovations. A robust public domain system shall be determinable, available, sustainable, non-excludable and noncompetitive. The key to the "good law" of IPR lies in finding a balance between the private IPR and the public domain. The expansion of exclusive rights should be prudent and modest. At the same time, it is noted the significance of strong public sphere in a knowledge-based economy to promote common progress and enhance benefit for all.
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