正祖代 함경도 대상 賓興科의 시행과 그 성격

Abstract

This study aims to examine the impact that the specific regional image of Hamgyeong province had on the implementation of the ‘Binheunggwa (賓興科)’, which was carried out twice in the region during the Joseon dynasty. This study also investigates the exertions made by the royal family to improve the negative regional image, as well as the position of the Confucian scholars of Hamgyeong province who were the policy’s beneficiaries. Formerly Hamgyeong province had a positive image as the birthplace of the Joseon dynasty, but its reputation declined due to its lagging political, economic, cultural, and educational development. Additionally, it was stigmatized as land of treason due to the acts of Lee Si-ae(李施愛) and Guk Kyung-in (鞠景仁). Hamgyeong province, a region with a negative image, came to recapture the court’s attention in the mid-17th century, when Joseon saw some damage from war being repaired and the development of commerce and industry rising in the northern region The development of commerce and industry and regional development in Hamgyeong province promoted cultural growth, and naturally, the literary needs of local Confucian scholars also increased. This led to the establishment of the Hamgyeong-province Byeolsi(咸鏡道別試) during the reign of Hyeonjong. In the 18th century, the image of Hamgyeong province as "the birthplace of the Joseon dynasty" was newly emphasized along with the active development of a project to open historical sites related to the royal lineage from King Sukjong to King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo. From the perspective of the royal family, they did not want the area, which was once the birthplace of the Joseon dynasty, to be downgraded to the town of Gungma(弓馬: martial arts) or that of treason. The ritual to Hwanjo(桓祖) and the implementation of the Pungpae Binheunggwa(豊沛賓興科: the birthplace of the dynasty) in 1795 and the implementation of Gwanbuk Binheunggwa(關北賓興科) in 1797 were in line with the royal historical site commendation and helped to enhance the image of Hamgyeong province as the birthplace of Joseon dynasty. Following the implementation of the Binheunggwa, it can be seen that Hamgyeong province’s identity as the birthplace of the dynasty was being recovered completely. Local Confucian scholars of Hamgyeong province played an active role in cooperating with the royal family during a series of events. They initiated a petition for the implementation of a plan and urged ongoing interest in the province by suggesting the construction of monuments at historical sites. The Confucian scholars contributed to the establishment of local identity by voicing their independent opinions rather than merely by complying with royal policies.