키르기스스탄의 노동이주와 그 사회경제적 영향: 관세동맹 및 단일경제공간 가입을 중심으로
Labor Migration and Its Socioeconomic Influences in Kyrgyzstan: Focused on the Access to Customs Union and Single Economic Space
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이 연구의 목적은 키르기스스탄의 관세동맹과 단일경제공간(SES) 가입이 노동시장, 인적자본, 그리고 경제에 미치게 될 파급효과를 검토하는 것이다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 키르기스스탄에서 집단적인 대규모 노동이주와 그에 따른 송금은 키르기스스탄에 이익과 손해를 함께 가져다준다. 노동이주자들이 고국에 보내는 송금은 고향에 남은 가족의 생계에 커다란 도움을 주고, 국내의 빈곤과 실업을 감소시키며, 외국에서의 기술습득을 통해 인적자원 개발에 도움을 준다. 다른 한편, 노동이주는 빈곤한 노동자가 외국에서 노동을 착취당하는 문제를 야기하고, 키르기스 경제를 러시아와 카자흐스탄의 경제실적에 과도하게 의존하도록 만듦으로써 경제적 불안정과 정치구조의 취약성을 초래할 수 있다. 키르기스스탄의 입장에서 볼 때, 관세동맹 및 단일경제공간 가입과정에서 이주노동자에게 내국인 지위를 부여하는 노동이주 협정을 반드시 포함시켜야 할 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 효율적이고 효과적인 공동노동시장을 구축할 수 있으며 고용에 대한 각종 장애를 해소하여 이주노동자가 일자리를 쉽게 찾을 수 있게 될 것이다. 그러나 키르기스스탄 정부에게는 이와 함께 이주자의 숙련과 자질을 향상시키는 조치가 필요한데, 이를 위해서는 현행의 직업훈련을 개선하여 노동자원의 질을 개선하는 조치 등이 필요하다. 키르기스스탄 정부로서도 고도로 숙련되고 자질을 갖춘 인력이 국내에서 고용기회를 얻을 수 있도록 노동시장에 대한 적극적인 정책을 통해 일자리 창출 등에 나설 필요가 있다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of Kyrgyzstan’s access to Customs Union and Single Economic Space(SES) on labor market, human capital development and economy of the country. According to the analysis, Kyrgyzstan’s massive labor migration and its remittances bring about profit and damage to the country together. Remittances sent by the migrant workers can help remaining families at home country, decrease the national poverty and unemployment level, and assist human capital development through knowledge and skill acquired in foreign countries. On the other hand, labor migration presents major problems for desperate laborers to be exploited abroad, leave the Kyrgyzstan’s economy excessively dependent on the economic performance of Russia and Kazakhstan and making it not only economic unstable, but also politically volatile. Based on the perspective of Kyrgyzstan, its accession to the Customs Union and SES necessarily incorporate labor migration agreements which provide migrants with national status. Through these agreements, member countries can establish an efficient and effective common labor market, and make migrant labors find jobs easily by weakening the main obstacles to employment. However, a range of measures is required from the side of Kyrgyzstan that improve the quality of labour resources. For the purpose, relevant policies to improve skill and quality of migrant workers should be included. This must be supplemented by active labor policies which are mainly targeted at highly skilled and qualified workers in labor market, directly aiming to increase employment opportunities in domestic economy of Kyrgyzstan.
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