힌두 민족주의의 무슬림 소외화: ‘신성한 소’ 보호와 반무슬림 감정의 연관성을 중심으로
Alienating Muslim in Hindu Nationalism: Focusing on the Relation between ‘Sacred Cow’ Protection and Anti-Muslim Sentiment
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인도에서 나타나는 무슬림에 대한 차별과 소외화의 대두는 힌두뜨바 정치 세력의 집권과 긴밀히 연결되어 있다. 특히, 최근 BJP의 집권으로 인해 소 도살 금지법이 강화되고 소 보호를 명목으로 무슬림에 대한 자경단의 무차별 폭력이 증가하면서 무슬림의 사회적 차별 뿐 아니라 신체적, 경제적 피해는 극심해지고 있는 상황이다. 식민지 시기부터 시작된 암소 보호 운동을 시작으로 힌두 근본주의자들은 ‘신성한 소’의 상징성을 이용하여 분열된 힌두를 결집시키고 무슬림을 배제하고자 하였다. 본 논문에서는 이 시기부터 시작된 소를 이용한 무슬림 배제 전략과 그 모순을 크게 세 가지로 나누어 살펴보고자 한다. 첫 번째는 식습관과 관련하여 쇠고기 육식 타부의 위반을 근거로 무슬림을 배제하는 것이다. 둘째는 무슬림의 소 도살과 관련하여 동물에 대한 비윤리를 근거로 이들에게 폭력성의 낙인을 부과하는 전략이다. 셋째는 혐오를 바탕으로 법을 제정한 제도적, 사회적 지배 전략이다. 결론적으로 음식, 타부, 낙인, 혐오의 감정과 같은 수단을 이용하여 권력층인 브라만 중심적 관습-쇠고기 금지-을 기반으로 한 법을 실행하고, 이를 위반한 집단에 폭력을 가하고 생명을 빼앗는 행동에 대한 정당성은 성립될 수 없음을 강조하고자 한다.
Abstract
The recent wave of hate violence, alienation, and discrimination against Muslims in India is closely linked to a resurgent far-right Hindutva political force. In particular, due to the recent rise of the BJP power, the ban on cow slaughter has been strengthened and indiscriminate violence by vigilante groups against Muslims has increased in the name of protecting cows, causing not only social discrimination but also extreme physical and economical damage. Starting with the cow protection movement that has begun since the colonial period, Hindu fundamentalists have tried to unite the scattered Hindus and exclude Muslims using the symbolism of “sacred cow”. In this sense, I would like to examine the contradictions in strategies of Hindu nationalist that use the cow symbol for exclusion of Muslims with focusing on three tactics; ⅰ)to exclude Muslim based on violations of beef-eating taboos ii)to stigmatize Muslim with violent and demonized images on the basis of their unethical behavior toward animals in relation to cow slaughtering III)to eliminate Muslims through the institutionalization of disgust and violence by cow slaughter bans and cow vigilantism. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that there is no justification for the actions of violence and life-taking against Muslim communities by cow protectionism and vigilantism based on the Brahmanical Hindutva practices.
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