지방 사업가들은 대메콩지역(GMS)을 어떻게 내면화하는가? 태국 국경도시 매솟의 사례를 중심으로
How Do Businessmen in Mae Sot of Thailand Internalize the Greater Mekong Subregion?
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초록
이 연구는 지방의 사업가들이 대메콩지역(GMS)을 어떻게 내면화하며 이익을 추구하는지를 태국 국경도시 매솟을 사례로 살핀다. 아시아개발은행(ADB)이 1992년부터 추진한 GMS는 사실 메콩과 별 관련이 없는 매솟의 사업가들에게는 낯선 것일 수도 있었다. 그러나 ADB와 태국 정부가 GMS 동서경제회랑의 주요 지점인 매솟을 주요 관문으로 삼아 발전시켜 나가고, 방콕 등 외부의 자본이 매솟에 몰려들면서 사업가들은 이에 대처해야 하는 상황에 직면했다. 이 연구는 사업가들의 실천에 주목하며 그 대응 방안을 살펴보면서, 그 예로 ‘태국-미얀마 우정의 자전거 타기 행사’와 ‘GMS 동서경제회랑 유람’을 소개했다. 2000년에 시작된 자전거 국경횡단 행사는 1997년에 건립된 제1태국-미얀마우정교를 활용하여 이웃도시인 미야워디를 매솟과 연계하려는 시도였다. 해가 거듭될수록 사업가들을 비롯해 일반 사람들의 참여 속에 미야워디와 매솟의 관계망은 발전했으며, 사업가들은 그 관계망을 활용하여 자신들의 이익을 추구하려 했다. GMS 유람은 낯설고, 동떨어진 곳을 연계하려는 이동성 실천이었다. 매솟의 사업가들은 GMS 동서경제회랑을 지나며 라오스, 베트남에 도달한 뒤, 중국의 난닝에까지 이르는 육로로 여행하며 GMS를 자신들의 공간으로 내면화했다. 그 여정 중 산업시설과 도로 교통 사정을 유심히 살폈고, 주요도시의 사업가들과 협력하며 관계망을 확장해나갔다. 미야워디를 통해 미얀마 내륙으로 들어갈 수 있게 되자, 사업가들의 연계성은 서쪽으로 더 뻗어나갔다. 이제 미얀마는 사업가들에게 일상의 사업 공간이 되었으며, 더 나아가 인도도 사업가들의 연계망에 들어오게 됐다. 이 연구는 초국적 자본과 국가가 결탁하여 진행하는 지역만들기가 현장에서는 어떻게 변용되는지 보여주며 지역협력에 관한 학문적·정책적 논의에서 일상과 실천의 중요성을 환기시킨다.
Abstract
This study examines how businessmen in Mae Sot, a border town of Thailand, internalize the Greater Mekong Subregion(GMS ) and pursue their interest. The GMS that the Asian Development Bank(ADB) has developed since 1992 was a new geographical scope for businessmen in Mae Sot in the beginning. As the ADB and the Thai government have massively developed Mae Sot as a gateway throughout the years, Mae Sot has faced the encroachment of outside capital, especially from Bangkok, thereby leading local businessmen of Mae Sot to adapt to such a newly emerging geo-economic environment. Paying attention to their business practices, it analyzes how they use ‘the Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bicycle Project’ and ‘the GMS Travel,’ prompted by the completion of the Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge to begin the bicycle event and in the end connect it to their economic interests in the Myawaddy Special Economic Zone. They travelled along the GMS East-West Economic Corridor, passing through Lao, Vietnam and up to Nanning, China. They investigated transportation conditions and industrial zones in the journey and developed trade relations with other provinces. As it came to be possible to enter inland Myanmar through Myawaddy, their connectivity has stretched further to the west. They have deepened their interest in Myanmar and attempted to develop relations with India. The findings of the study demonstrate that the top-down process of region-making has been localized and internalized, calling for attention to local practices in the academic and policy discussion on regional cooperation.
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