메콩지역(Greater Mekong Subregion) 연계성의 이상과 현실 : 도로 교통을 중심으로
The Ideals and Reality of Greater Mekong Subregion Connectivity: Focus on Road Transportation
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초록
이 연구는 GMS 도로망 연계를 세계화 담론에 입각하면서도 이 담론이 크게주목하지 않는 역사성, 주체성, 지역성을 고려하며 비판적으로 검토했다. 옛적부터 상인들은 오늘날의 대메콩지역을 통해서 중국에 닿고자 했고 서구 식민 세력역시 이 지역의 연계를 발전시키고자 했었다. 냉전 시기 연계 발전 시도가 잠시주춤해지기도 했지만, 1990년대 이후 활발하게 여러 발전 프로그램이 추진되면서역사적인 흐름을 잇고 있다. 이 연구는 오늘날의 GMS를 탄생시킨 ADB가 무역과 투자를 늘리고자 추진하는 도로망 연계 발전 프로그램을 아홉 개의 회랑을 중심으로 살펴봤다. 특히 중국 쿤밍에서 태국 방콕까지 이어지는 북남회랑에 주목하면서 제4태국-라오스우정교는 GMS의 대동맥 같은 북남회랑의 완성과 중국의본격적인 동남아 진출의 디딤돌이라는 의미가 있다고 평가했다. 이 연구는 GMS육로 연계의 실상을 검토하며 GMS 역내 무역이 압도적으로 해로를 통해 이뤄진다는 점, 험준한 지형이 육로 연계를 여전히 가로막고 있다는 점, 다리 건설은 메콩강 수로 연계를 약화시키고 지역사회에서 패자와 승자를 갈라놓고 있다는 점,내륙 수로 연계는 자연 장애물 탓에 한계가 많다는 점을 밝혔다.
Abstract
This study examines the ideals and reality of GMS connectivity that the AsianDevelopment Bank has developed since 1992 with a focus on road transportation. Road connectivity has so massively advanced that it has now become possible totravel across GMS by car. Although it is an outstanding outcome in the age ofglobalization, the study critically evaluates the current state of connectivity by bringinghistoricity, agency and locality into discussion. It reveals that the current connectivitymust be understood as part of historical development of connectivity thatbegan in ancient times and was greatly promoted during the colonial period. Thestudy highlights corridors as a key strategic framework whereby the ADB attemptsto transform the GMS into a single-unit market. In particular the study pays attentionto the North-South Corridor that is expected to be a symbolic and influentialpath for China to advance into Southeast Asia with the completion of the FourthThai-Lao Friendship Bridge in December 2013. The study unveils the reality ofroad connectivity: first, maritime transport is still a dominant mode for intra-GMStrade; second, mountainous terrains restrict road connectivity; third, the buildingof the bridge has brought about the decline of river transport and also internaldivision in local society; and fourth, river connectivity, despite its symbolic importance,has been hindered by natural obstacles.
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