인도네시아 남부 술라웨시 부기스 (Bugis) 사회의 트랜스베스타이트 제사장 빗수 (Bissu) 와 젠더 관계
The Bissu, Transvestite Shamans of the Bugis Society and Gender Relations in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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본 연구는 인도네시아 남부 술라웨시에 수립되었던 부기스 왕조들의 트랜스베스타이트 제사장인 빗수와 이들을 뒷받침하는 양성 경외 사상, 그리고 봉건 계급 제도에 대해 분석하고 있다. 양성 경외 사상은 전통 시대에 동남아시아뿐만 아니라 인도, 오스트로네시아어 사용권역에서 공통적으로 발견되었다. 남성과 여성의 두 가지 젠더를 한 몸에 지녔기에 주술적 권능이 뛰어났다고 알려진 빗수는 왕실과 귀족의 의례를 주관하며, 그들의 번영을 빌어주고, 평민과 차별되는 귀족들의 "고귀한 지위"를 사회에 각인시키는 역할을 담당했다. 오스트로네시아어권에서 여성이 가진 계보 계승자, 의례 주관자로서의 문화는 부기스 전통 사회에서도 발견되며, 빗수도 이슬람과 유럽 문화가 이식되기 이전에는 남장여성의 숫자가 월등히 많았다. 이후 가부장적인 이슬람과 기독교적 유럽 문화가 유입되면서 빗수는 많은 변화를 겪게 되었다. 봉건제도가 지속되었으므로 빗수도 유지되었지만 여성 빗수의 수가 거의 사라지고, 조상신을 모시는 의례에 이슬람적 요소들이 혼용되었다. 봉건질서가 사라진 공화국 시기에 여러 차례 존재의 위기를 겪었고, 수하르토 정권의 붕괴 이후 지방 문화의 한 축으로 다시 부활했지만 빗수가 가진 본질적 의미, 즉 봉건 질서를 떠 받치는 의례의 주관자로서의 정체성은 사라지고, 개인적 의례를 주관하는 존재로 그 명맥을 이어 나가고 있다.
Abstract
This study examines the bissu, transvestite ritual specialists in the Bugis kingdoms in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia, and their supporting ideologies of the reverence for the androgynous beings and feudal hierarchical orders. The veneration for the androgyny is found widely in Southeast Asia, India, and the Austronesia-speaking worlds. The bissu, known as having dual sexes in their bodies and spiritual powers, were in charge of conducting rituals for the aristocratic group and the royal families. Through the rituals, the bissu reconfirmed the "noble" status of the aristocrats and prayed for their prosperities. In the Austronesian cultures upon which the Bugis culture was originally based, the roles of women as the guardians of genealogies and ritual conductors were noticeable. The bissu in pre-Islamic era were mostly women in men's attires. With the Islamic and Christianity-based European cultural influences, the bissu were exposed to numerous changes. They managed to survive because the feudal order was maintained, but the number of male bissu dramatically increased, and the Islamic elements were fused in their rituals. They had almost disappeared due to a series of oppressions during the Sukarno's and Suharto's eras, but revived back in the post-Suharto period, when the traditional customs were revitalized as the cultural assets for the regions in the decentralized era. Yet, the intrinsic meanings of the bissu as the guardians of the feudal order lost its meaning, and the bissu have simply served for the individual rituals.
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