판사와 변호인 간 사회적 자본이 판결에 미치는 영향 연구
Defenders' Social Capital with Judges and Legal Decision-making
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사법 신뢰 회복을 위한 법조계의 끊임없는 노력에도 불구, 국민들의 사법에 대한 불신은 여전히 해소될 기미를 보이지 않고 있다. 특히 전관예우 등 변호인을 통한 편파적 판결의 문제는 국민의 공정한 재판을 받을 권리를 침해함은 물론 경제적 차이가 사법적 차별로 전환되는 지점이라는 점에서 중요한 문제임에도 국내에서는 이에 대한 연구가 충분하지 못한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 변호인과 판사 간 관계가 판결에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하고 이러한 현상을 사회적 자본 이론의 관점에서 해명하고자 하였다. 서울 소재 5개 지방법원 하급심 형사 판결문 414개의 내용을 분석하였고, 다수의 피고인과 변호인이 있는 경우 각각 개별 분석을 했기 때문에 총 표본은 594개였다. 분석을 위해 SPSS가 사용되었다. 서울 소재 5개 지방법원의 형사사건 하급심 판결을 대상으로 변호인과 판사의 관계가 판결과 상관관계가 있는지 분석한 결과, 본 연구는 전관 변호사를 선임할 경우 무죄율이 높고, 구속률이 낮다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 이러한 원인을 유무죄 판단과 집행유예 판단에 있어 판사의 폭넓은 재량을 허용하는 현 사법제도의 특성과 함께 현직 판사와 전직 판사 사이의 보이지 않는 끈, 즉 사회적 자본 이론의 측면에서 설명하고자 하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 결과와 토의내용을 바탕으로 실무적 시사점이 제공되었으며, 향후연구에 대한 제안도 아울러 제공되었다.
Abstract
This study has demonstrated that a defender's social capital is associated with a judge's legal decision-making and attempted to explain how this phenomenon can be explained from the perspective of social capital theory. In order to explore whether the social relationship between defenders and judges leads to more favourable judgements, quantitative methodology was employed. Five hundred and ninety four criminal cases were collected from five district courts in Seoul. The outcomes demonstrate that the social capital possessed by a defender is associated with the judge's legal decision; offenders represented by a defender who has a work network with the judge are more likely to be acquitted and less likely to be incarcerated than those represented by other defenders. On the other hand, other networks, such as university networks and the Judicial Research and Training Institute(JRTI) network, influence neither the conviction rate nor the detention rate. Regarding sentence severity, the sentencing decisions were unaffected by any of the social capital of the defenders, apart from the influence of the JTRI network, but more research is required before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point due to the insufficient number of cases from the JRTI network used in this study. Textual analysis of the not guilty cases showed that the conviction decision, especially the decision-making regarding factual issues, is largely left to the judge's discretion, with vague grounds provided for the not guilty verdict. An examination of the reasons for probation also demonstrates how detention decisions lie within a judge's discretion; a quarter of the probation cases did not provide the reasons why the probation was granted, while some of the reasons presented in the other cases were also problematic. On the other hand, regarding sentencing severity, a relatively high number of constraints, such as the sentence guideline and the prosecutor's demand for punishment for the accused, imposed on a judge seem to deter differential sentencing based on the social network between the judge and defender. This phenomenon, in which an incumbent judge make a favourable judgement towards offenders represented by a former judge, can be attributed to the judge's prejudice that a former judge will be fairer, but this study suggests another possible reason; an invisible tie between incumbent judges and former judges. If judges keep making favourable judgements toward offenders represented by a former judge, this repeated tendency may form a kind of norm. Then the judges can also benefit from this norm formed in the society of incumbent judges and former judges when they begin practising as a lawyer after retiring as a judge. Therefore, social capital theory suggests that this phenomenon is not simply causes by a judge's prejudice, indicating that a judge also benefits from this relationship in which he or she gives a former judge's client a favourable judgement. Suggested are practical implications based upon the result of the study.
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