살인 범죄 양형 편차, 누구의 영향력인가?: 사건 당사자와 법정행위자 집단, 그리고 법원조직 특성의 영향력 비교
How much difference does the lawyer make? : A comparison of influences offender, courtroom workgroup and court organization on homicide sentencing outcomes
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형법 제51조는 행위와 행위자에 대한 요인 뿐만 아니라 피해자에 대한 정보의 고려까지도 합법적으로 보장하고 있다. 그러나 양형 결과를 논한 많은 연구들은 단순히 범죄자와 피해자에 관한 사항 이외의 다른 요인들이 실질적인 양형 편차를 유발하고 있음을 보고하고 있다. 특히 해외의 양형연구들은 판사나 변호사와 같은 법정행위자 집단의 영향력을 유무죄 판결, 구금결정, 보석결정, 그리고 실형선고와 선고량 차이까지 다양하게 진행하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라 양형연구는 범죄자와 피해자라는 사건 당사자의 정보를 집중적으로 분석할 뿐, 법정행위자 집단의 영향력을 살피는 연구는 거의 존재하지 않았다. 본 연구는 살인사건의 양형편차를 유발하는 요인으로서 사건 당사자 이외의 요인들의 영향력을 살펴보는 것을 주요 목적으로 하였다. 양형에 영향을 미치는 사건당사자 이외의 요인으로서 본 연구는 법정행위자 정보와 법원조직 특성을 추가적으로 분석하였다. 법정행위자 정보로는 변호사 정보와 판사 정보를 추가하여 영향력을 검증하였고, 법원조직 특성으로는 법원의 소재지(법원과 지원, 5대광역시 소재 여부), 법원의 규모(판사 수, 1년 담당 형사사건 수)의 영향력을 검증하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 자료는 단순 개인 수준의 변수 뿐만아니라 법원이라는 조직 수준의 변수를 포함하는 까닭에 위계적선형분석(HLM)을 통해 법원조직에 따른 개인의 차이를 살폈다. 그러나 조직 수준의 변수들의 영향력이 미비하게 나온 까닭에 다층선형회귀분석을 통해 실질적 개인 수준의 변수들의 영향력을 순차적으로 검증하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 변호사의 국선사선 여부, 성별, 판사의 연수원 기수, 피해자의 성별, 그리고 경합범죄 수, 나이와 성별이 살인사건 양형에 유의미한 영향력을 발휘하고 있었다. 그리고 양형 차이를 유발하는 변수로는 피고인의 정보가 가장 큰 영향력을 발휘하였다. 그 다음으로는 변호사의 정보, 피해자 정보, 그리고 판사 정보 순이었다. 구체적인 분석 내용과 정책적 함의는 본문에서 더욱 깊이 있게 다루도록 한다.
Abstract
Article 51 of Criminal Act legitimately guarantees considerations of the behaviors and actors during the process of sentencing as well as the information of the victims. Many foreign studies have discussed the influences of the courtroom workgroup ranging from determination of guilt or innocence, detention decision, bail decision and prison sentence to verification of sentenced term. However, unlike overseas studies, there are few or no studies which dealt with the relationship between the courtroom workgroup and sentencing disparity in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the factors that cause the sentencing disparity in terms of courtroom workgroup, individual factors, and court characteristics using homicide cases based on the focal concern theory, chivalry theory, or paternalism theory, organizational effectiveness. The study analyzed the individual information of the parties directly involved, the information of the courtroom workgroup and the characteristics of court organization as a factor that affects sentence decision. The study attempted to figure out the individual differences depending on court organization through the hierarchical linear model (HLM), since data had variables at the level of court organization as well as the variables at the level of individuals. However, it verified the influences of the variables practically at the level of individuals in consecutive order through a multilevel linear regression analysis because the influences of the variables at the level of court organization turned out insignificant. According to the research findings, homicide case sentencing was significantly influenced by whether the lawyers are public or private, gender of the lawyers, judges’ admission year of the Judicial Research and Training Institute, gender of the victims, the number of concurrent crimes, age and gender of the criminals. In addition, the most influential variable of sentencing disparity was the information of the defendants, followed by the information of the lawyers, victims and judges. Details and political implications will be discussed in the main body of this paper.
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