본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

경찰 내 성별 대표성 향상이 조직 역량을 약화시키는가? 미국의 여성 경찰관 비율과 범죄 해결률의 관계를 중심으로

Does an increased gender representation in police organizations reduce organizational performance? Focusing on the relationship between the share of female police officers and clearance rate of crimes

표선영
한국경찰연구학회 (Korean Police Studies Association)|2022.12|한국경찰연구 (Korean Police Studies Review)|제21권 제4호|pp. 277-302

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

경찰police조직 성과organizational performance대표관료제Representative bureaucracy성별 대표성범죄 해결률gender representationclearance rate of crimes

초록

대표관료제 이론에 의하면 경찰 조직 내 성별 대표성이 향상될수록 경찰이 여성 시민들의 치안수요를 적극적으로 반영할 수 있게 된다. 과거 경찰이 여성 대상 범죄에 대해 미온적 대응을 했다는 비판이 있었던 만큼, 경찰 내 성별 대표성 향상을 통해 남녀 모두에게 공정한 법 집행을 담보할 수 있게 되는 것이다. 그러나 성별 대표성이 커지면 공정성 확보에는 도움이 되지만 조직의 성과는 약화시킬 것이라는 우려가 있다. 여성 경찰관 비율을 증가시키는 정책이 시행되고 있는 현 상황에서, 일각의 우려처럼 여성 경찰관의 비율 증가가 조직의 성과를 감소하게 만드는지 알아볼 필요가 있다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 미국의 360개 경찰서에서 수집한 패널 데이터를 이용해서 일선 여성 경찰관의 비율이 높을수록 범죄 해결률로 측정된 조직의 성과가 줄어드는지를 검증하였다. 고정효과 모형을 통해 분석한 결과 여성 경찰관의 비율과 범죄 해결률은 통계적으로 유의미한 관계를 가지지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 즉, 일각의 우려와 달리 여성 경찰관 수의 증가가 반드시 조직 역량을 약화시키지는 않을 수 있다는 것이다. 이를 시작점으로 하여, 본 연구와 유사한 주제의 연구가 추가로 수행되어 증거가 누적되어야 앞으로 경찰의 성별 대표성 확대와 관련된 채용정책의 방향을 설정할 때 도움이 될 수 있다. 이를 위해 경찰서별 남녀 경찰관 비율을

Abstract

Representative bureaucracy theory suggests that increased gender representation in public bureaucracies helps to advocate for female clients and consequently enhances gender equality in policy outcomes. However, there is also a concern that such enhanced equality is achieved at the expense of organizational effectiveness. This article examines whether this concern is empirically supported by exploring whether organizations with a higher gender representation have a relatively weak organizational performance. To answer this question, the current study examines police organizations’ performance, especially their clearance rate of crimes, because it is one of the most often used performance indicators in the field of policing. The data collected from 360 U.S. local police departments in 2013 and 2016 were analyzed with a fixed-effects model. Findings show that the percent of female street-level officers and that of female officers in supervisory positions were not significantly associated with the overall clearance rates of crimes. This means that higher gender representations at both the upper level and street level in police organizations do not reduce law enforcement performance. By building on this study, future studies are necessary that examine the relationship between the share of female officers and police performance using the data collected from Korean police force; and for that purpose, the force needs to release the administrative data that include the information on officer characteristics of local police departments.

참고문헌 (51)

  1. 경찰청, "경찰백서" (2021)
  2. 김필승, "경찰 공무원 성별분리채용제도 폐지에 따른 체력검사 기준의 개선 방향", 한국공안행정학회보, 30(3), pp.59~96 (2021), 한국공안행정학회[DOI]
  3. 박성수, "21세기 환경변화에 따른 여성경찰관의 효율적 활용방안", 동원논집, 13, pp.129~170 (2000)
  4. 제갈돈, "여성경찰관의 직무성과 인지에서 성별차이", 한국사회와 행정연구, 14(4) (2004), 서울행정학회
  5. 신회섭, "젠더화된 경찰 이미지와 여경 무용론에 대한 대안", 인문사회 21, 13(2), pp.2445~2456 (2022), 인문사회 21
  6. 최천근, "행정관리가 경찰성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증적 연구", 한국행정학보, 45(2), pp.351~372 (2011), 한국행정학회
  7. 데일리안, "“오또케”만 외치는 여경?...‘오또캅’은 누가 만들었는가", ~ (2022)
  8. Alderden, Megan A., "Gender Difference or Indifference? Detective Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(1), pp.3~22 (2012)
  9. Andrews, Rhys, "Representative Bureaucracy, Organizational Strategy, and Public Service Performance: An Empirical Analysis of English Local Government", Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(4), pp.489~504 (2005)
  10. Andrews, Rhys, "Representative Bureaucracy, Gender, and Policing: The Case of Domestic Violence Arrests in England", Public Administration, 91(4), pp.998~1014 (2013)
  11. Andrews, Rhys, "Representative Bureaucracy and Fire Service Performance", International Public Management Journal, 17(1), pp.1~24 (2014)
  12. Bishu, Sebawit G., "Trends and Gaps: A Meta-Review of Representative Bureaucracy", Review of Public Personnel Administration, 40(4), pp.559~588 (2020)
  13. Bradbury, Mark D., "Representative Bureaucracy: Exploring the Potential for Active Representation in Local Government", Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), pp.697~714 (2008)
  14. Brandy, Steven G., "Police in America" (2018), SAGE Publication, Inc
  15. "Local Police Departments, 2016; Personnel" (2021)[URL]
  16. Choi, Heasun, "Does Increasing Gender Representativeness and Diversity Improve Organizational Integrity?", Public Personnel Management, 47(1), pp.73~92 (2018)
  17. "Video Footage of Female Cop Controlling Drunkard Sparks Dispute" (2019)[URL]
  18. Cooley, Erin, "Racial Biases in Officers' Decisions to Frisk are Amplified for Black People Stopped Among Groups Leading to Similar Biases in Searches, Arrests, and Use of Force", Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(6), pp.761~769 (2020)
  19. Ding, Fangda, "How Bureaucratic Representation Affects Public Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analysis", Public Administration Review, 81(6), pp.1003~1018 (2021)
  20. Fernandez, Sergio, "Establishing the Link Between Representative Bureaucracy and Performance: The South African Case", Governance, 31(3), pp.535~553 (2017)
  21. Gelman, Andrew, "An Analysis of the New York City Police Department’s “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias", Journal of American Statistical Association, 102(479), pp.813~823 (2007)
  22. Grissom, Jason A., "Teacher and Principal Diversity and the Representation of Students of Color in Gifted Programs: Evidence from National Data", The Elementary School Journal, 117(3), pp.396~422 (2017)
  23. Hong, Sounman, "Representative Bureaucracy, Organizational Integrity, and Citizen Coproduction: Does an Increase in Police Ethnic Representativeness Reduce Crime?", Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 35(1), pp.11~33 (2016)
  24. Javaid, Aliraza, "Male Rape, Masculinities, and Sexualities: Understanding, Policing, and Overcoming Male Sexual Victimization" (2018), Palgrave Macmillian
  25. 정지송, "여성 경찰에 대한 사회적 시각과 정책적 대안연구-대림동 여경사건을 중심으로-", 한국경찰학회보, 23(3), pp.163~198 (2021), 한국경찰학회
  26. Johnston, Karen, "Representative Bureaucracy: Does Female Police Leadership Affect Gender-Based Violence Arrests?", International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(1), pp.3~20 (2018)
  27. Keiser, Lael R., "Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Institutional Context, and Representative Bureaucracy", The American Political Science Review, 96(3), pp.553~564 (2002)
  28. Kennedy, Brandy, "Unraveling Representative Bureaucracy: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature", Administration and Society, 46(4), pp.395~421 (2014)
  29. Lee, Hongseok, "Does Increasing Racial Minority Representation Contribute to Overall Organizational Performance? The Role of Organizational Mission and Diversity Climate", American Review of Public Administration, 49(4), pp.454~468 (2019)
  30. Mas. Alexandre, "Pay, Reference Points, and Police Performance", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(3), pp.783~821 (2006)
  31. Meier, Kenneth J., "Latinos and Representative Bureaucracy: Testing the Thompson and Henderson Hypotheses", Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 3(4), pp.393~414 (1993)
  32. Meier, Kenneth J., "Gender, Representative Bureaucracy, and Law Enforcement: The Case of Sexual Assault", Public Administration Review, 66(6), pp.850~860 (2006)
  33. Mesch, Gustavo S., "The Influence of Community Characteristics on Police Performance in a Deeply Divided Society: The Case of Israel", Sociological Focus, 31(3), pp.233~248 (1998)
  34. Miller, Amalia R., "Do Female Officers Improve Law Enforcement Quality? Effects on Crime Reporting and Domestic Violence", The Review of Economic Studies, 86(5), pp.2220~2247 (2019)
  35. "What the Data Say about Police Shootings?" (2019)[URL]
  36. Moore, Mark H., "Measuring and Improving Police Performance: The Lessons of Compstat and Its Progeny", Policing: An International Journal, 26(3), pp.439~453 (2003)
  37. Women in Policing: Breaking Barriers and Blazing a Path, "Muhlhausen, David B.", U.S. Department of Justice, ~ (2019)
  38. Nicholson-Crotty, Sean, "Will More Black Cops Matter? Officer Race and Police-Involved Homicides of Black Citizens", Public Administration Review, 77(2), pp.206~216 (2017)
  39. Nicholson-Crotty, Sean, "Public Management and Organizational Performance: The Case of Law Enforcement Agencies", Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(1), pp.1~18 (2004)
  40. Pierson, Emma, "A Large-Scale Analysis of Racial Disparities in Police Stops Across the United States", Nature Human Behavior, 4, pp.736~745 (2020)
  41. Riccucci, Norma M., "Representative Bureaucracy in Policing: Does It Increase Perceived Legitimacy?", Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24(3), pp.537~551 (2014)
  42. Riccucci, Norma M., "Representative Bureaucracy: A Lever to Enhance Social Equity, Coproduction, and Democracy", Public Administration Review, 77(1), pp.21~30 (2017)
  43. Riccucci, Norma M., "Representative Bureaucracy, Race, and Policing: A Survey Experiment", Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(4), pp.506~518 (2018)
  44. Sadler, Melody S., "The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context", Journal of Social Issues, 68(2), pp.286~313 (2012)
  45. Song, Miyeon, "Gender Representation and Student Performance: Representative Bureaucracy Goes to Korea", American Review of Public Administration, 48(4), pp.346~358 (2018)
  46. Shoub, Kelsey, "De Female Officers Police Differently? Evidence from Traffic Stops", American Journal of Political Science, 65(3), pp.755~769 (2021)
  47. Sowa, Jessica E., "Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Explanation of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy", Public Administration Review, 63(3), pp.700~710 (2003)
  48. Tsui, Anne S., "Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment", Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(4), pp.549~579 (1992)
  49. Wilkins, Vicky M., "Black or Blue: Racial Profiling and Representative Bureaucracy", Public Administration Review, 68(4), pp.654~664 (2008)
  50. Wilson, James Q., "Varieties of Police Behavior" (1968), Harvard University Press
  51. Xu, Xiaoyang, "Separating Symbolic and Active Representation: A Mixed Methods Study of Gender and Education in China", Public Management Review, 24(9), pp.1429~1451 (2021)

관련 논문AI추천

경찰조직 내 여성대표성에 관한 연구 - 능동적 대표성을 중심으로 -김상호한국경찰연구학회 · 한국경찰연구2013 · 제12권 제4호여성경찰의 고위직 비중 현황과 과제김상호한국경찰연구학회 · 한국경찰연구2025 · 제24권 제3호성별화된 조직의 결과물로서 법 집행: ‘피해자로서의 여성’과 경찰 성별직무분리의 효과추지현여성학연구소 · 젠더와 문화2019 · 제12권 제2호여성경찰관의 직무수행 중 불인정 경험 및 구조적 차별 경험이 조직만족에 미치는 영향김세령, 한민경한국경찰연구학회 · 한국경찰연구2020 · 제19권 제2호경찰활동에서의 성별통합김상호한국공안행정학회 · 한국공안행정학회보2023 · 제32권 제2호여성경찰 연구동향 분석과 과제김상호한국경찰학회 · 한국경찰학회보2023 · 제25권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (13건)

시민의 범죄신고의사에 대한 경찰정당성 이론의 검증 - 도구적 모델과 규범적 모델의 비교 연구 -정보성, 김소영pp. 3-30국가중요시설에 대한 극단주의 집단행동과 테러에 관한 연구김영훈, 장정현pp. 31-52다중운집행사에서의 군중관리와 군중통제 및 군중행동에 관한 연구 -문헌연구를 중심으로-문준섭pp. 53-74시행령 개정을 통한 행정안전부 경찰국 설치의 법적 문제점과 개선방안박병욱pp. 75-120시민의 경찰공정성 인식과 법냉소주의가 폭력 사용 태도에 미치는 영향: 내·외국인 간 다집단 분석이창배, 서우승pp. 121-146
원문 보기