“국가후원 가족주의(State-sponsored Familism)”에 투영된 역설: 싱가포르의 가족정책을 중심으로
Dilemmas Reflected by The State-sponsored Familism in Singapore Case
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이 글에서는 “국가후원 가족주의”를 전형적으로 구현하고 있는 싱가포르 사례를 분석하고 있다. 싱가포르의 경우 단순히 애정공동체로서의 국가 이미지 수준을 넘어, 구체적인 국가 정책 및 논쟁,그리고 캠페인 속에 국가 가족주의가 유기적으로 녹아들어 싱가포르적 가족 형태와 가족 가치를재생산하고 강화하는데 핵심적 기능을 담당하고 있다. 이 글의 Ⅱ장에서는 국가후원 가족주의의전형적 실례라 할 “大결혼논쟁(Great Marriage Debate)”을 통해 표면(表面)상의 우생학적 논쟁 이면(裏面)에 숨겨진 싱가포르의 인종적 계급적 갈등을 살펴보고, Ⅲ장에서는 국가후원 가족주의 구현의 핵심적 기제라 할 공공임대주택 정책과 외국인 가사노동자 정책을 통해 싱가포르의 “사회공학”(social engineering)에 담긴 국가지배의 강화 기제를 분석해보았다. 이후 Ⅳ장에서는 싱가포르식 국가후원 가족주의의 역설을 살펴보면서, 전통적 성역할에 기반한 가족을 이상화함으로써 젠더불평등이 심화됨에도 정작 젠더 자체는 불가시화되는 메커니즘과, “싱가포르인다움”을 구현하기 위해서는 필히 국가 주도하 가족정책의 지배를 받음에도 불구하고 양육과 부양의 책임은 전적으로사적영역의 책임으로 강조되는 상황을 분석해보았다. 결국 싱가포르와 한국 사이에는 국가 주도하의 경제개발, 유교자본주의와 친화성, 부존자원의 부재, 저출산 위기의 경험 등 다양한 차원에서유사점을 보이고 있는바, 싱가포르 사례를 통해 나타난 국가후원 가족주의의 딜레마는 향후 한국적 상황에도 시사하는 바가 크다 할 것이다. 이 글은 최근 부상하고 있는 국가와 가족의 유기적 관계를 “국가후원 가족주의” 틀 안에서 분석하고 있다는 점, 더불어 문화적 맥락성이 중시되는 가족연구의 특성을 감안할 때 그간 상대적으로 희소했던 아시아 가족을 대상으로 사례 연구가 시도되고 있다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
This article tries to analyze so-called “state-sponsored familism” in Singapore case. In Singapore, beyond a simple image of the state as an “affectionate community”, the state-sponsored familism has been strongly embedded with more specific state policies,debates, and programs. Moreover, the state policies have fulfilled their function to reproduce and to strengthen the Singaporean family style and family values. Chapter Ⅱ explores the “Great Marriage Debate” initiated by Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yu in 1983. In the front side of the debate, issues of population quality derived from the logic of Eugenics were focused, but in the rare side, more serious racial tensions and class inequalities were concealed. Chapter Ⅲ deals with two core mechanisms of the state-sponsored familism in Singapore,one is the public housing policy controlled by the Housing Development Board, and the other is the foreign domestic labor policy supported by the Ministry of Labor. These policies typically show the “social engineering” as the efficient way to deliver the state power in Singapore. Chapter Ⅵ sheds light on the dilemmas of state familism in Singapore, where the gender inequalities have expanded through the idealization of the traditional Confucian family,gender issues have remained invisible social phenomena. Besides, almost every family policy in Singapore has been under the strong state surveillance, but the family caring function has been alloted to the private responsibilities. There exist meaningful similarities between Korea and Singapore, such as belonging to the member of the Newly Industrializing Countries, showing an elective affinity between Confucianism and Capitalism, lacking the natural resources, and the crisis of ultra-low fertility rate etc. The Singapore’s experiences of the state familism will give good lessons to the Korean context.
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