일본과 싱가포르의 저출산 문제의 해결방법과 한국에의 시사점
Solutions for Low Birth Rate Problems between Japan and Singapore with Implications for South Korea
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초록
이 논문은 한국보다 이미 오래전 저출산에 직면해온 일본, 싱가포르가 동일한 사회적 현상에 대해 한국과는 상이한 해결방법을 적용해왔다는데 초점을 두고 구체적으로 한국과 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 규명하여 시사점을 찾는데 목적이 있다. 정책적 해결방법은 상이했으나 한국을 포함한 3개국들은 다음과 같은 공통점을 지니고 있다. 첫째, 2차 대전 후 눈부신 경제성장을 이룩했고, 둘째, 독신, 결혼, 부모-자녀 관계에 대한 구성원들의 가치관이 바뀌었으며, 셋째, 결혼을 해야 임신과 출산이 뒤따르는 문화적 맥락, 넷째, 한 때 높은 출산율을 나타냈지만 현재까지 저출산이 유지되어왔다는 점이다. 이런 측면에서 동거 자녀의 사회적 인정을 통해 인구대체율을 달성한 유럽보다는 사회문화적 배경이 유사한 일본과 싱가포르의 선례들을 정책적으로 고려하는 것은 한국 입장에서 더 유의미할 것이다. 이 논문은 결론에서 일본과 싱가포르의 저출산 현황과 해결방법을 상호 비교분석한 결과로 일본, 싱가포르의 결혼장려지원, 미혼자로 확장된 정책대상집단, 중앙정부 주도의 정책컨트롤 타워 구축 등을 저출산 완화를 위한 정책대안으로 제시한다.
Abstract
This paper focuses on the fact that Japan and Singapore, which have faced low fertility since long ago, have applied different solutions to the same social phenomenon from Korea, and is to clarify the difference from two countries and Korea, to find implications. Although the policy solution was different, the three countries including Korea have the following common features. First, they achieved a remarkable economic growth after World War II. Second, the values of the members of single, married, and parent-child relationships have changed. Third, after marriage, a cultural context is found in which pregnancy and childbirth take place. Fourth, at one time the fertility rate was high but the low birth rate has been maintained. In this respect, it would be more meaningful for Korea to consider the precedents of Japan and Singapore with similar socio-cultural backgrounds to itself than Europe, which has achieved population replacement rates through social recognition of children living together. As a result of the analysis on the status and solution of low fertility of Japan and Singapore in the conclusion of this paper, it suggests the support for marriage promotion, scope of policy target group extended to single person, policy control tower construction led by central government as an alternative to mitigate low birth rate.
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