반사회적 처벌, 그리고 정상적 처벌과 협조적 전략의 공진화
Antisocial Punishment, and the Coevolution of Cooperation and Normal Punishment
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공공재 게임에서 종종 발견되는 반사회적 처벌의 문제가 새롭게 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 반사회적 처벌의 존재는 공공재 공급을 둘러싼 협조적 전략을 유지시킴에 있어 처벌의 유효성에 의문을 갖게 하며, 더 나아가 지금껏 받아들여져 왔던 협조전략과 처벌전략 간의 상관관계에 근본적으로 문제를 제기하는 계기가 되었다. 본 논문의 목적은 최근 논의되고 있는 반사회적 처벌의 문제를 검토하는 것이다. 첫째, 실증적으로 반사회적 처벌의 존재가 얼마나 심각하게 나타나며, 정상적 처벌의 유효성을 얼마나 떨어뜨리고 있는지를 확인할 것이다. 둘째, 이론적으로 반사회적 처벌의 존재가 기존 연구들에서 보였던 협조 전략과 처벌 전략 간의 공진화를 부정하는 데까지 나아갈 수 있는지 그 진화적 경로를 확인해볼 것이다. 협조전략과 처벌전략 간의 공진화 및 반사회적 처벌의 진화 가능성을 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통해 살펴보고, 최근에 대두되고 있는 비판들과는 달리 협조 전략과 ‘정상적’ 처벌 전략이 공진화하면서 서로 보완적인 역할을 수행할 수 있는지를 확인할 것이다.
Abstract
Antisocial punishment refers to punishment inflicted upon cooperators in Public Goods Game experiments. Antisocial punishment behavior is widely observed in the laboratory experiments and is gaining attention because it raises doubts about the role of punishment in supporting the evolution of cooperative strategies. In particular, the question of whether cooperation and punishment can evolve together remains a puzzle. We address this puzzle using experimental data and agent-based simulations. First, we examine the frequency of antisocial punishment and its impact on the effectiveness of normal punishment. Second, we check if explicitly allowing antisocial punishment in a model could destroy the complementarity between cooperation and punishment. Our computer simulation shows that, as opposed to some of the recent studies on antisocial punishment, cooperation and 'normal' punishments co-evolve and achieve a substantial level of complementarity in supporting the evolution of cooperation.
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