불운한 아동기 경험이 성인기 신체 및 정신 건강에 미치는 영향
The Impacts of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Adult Health Problems
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본 연구는 성인의 불운한 아동기 경험의 비율을 조사하고 불운한 아동기 경험이 성인기 신체 및 정신 건강에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울 및 수도권에 거주하는 30세~65세의 성인을 대상으로 온라인 설문을 실시하고 총 1,954명의 자료를 분석하였다. 불운한 아동기 경험(Adverse Childhood Experiences: ACE)은 학대와 방임, 가족 역기능에 대한 10개 범주들 중 하나 이상에 노출된 것으로 정의된다. 참가자들의 인구통계학적 변인과 ACE 10개 범주의 비율을 조사하기 위해 빈도분석을 실시하고 ACE 범주들 간의 상관을 확인하고자 상관분석을 실시하였다. 신체건강은 건강위험 행동과 건강 염려, 만성질환으로 측정하였으며 정신건강은 우울, 불안, 신체화 점수를 사용하였다. ACE 점수에 따른 신체 및 정신 건강 변인들의 상대적 승산비를 비교하기 위하여 성별, 연령, 학력, 경제형편, 결혼상태 등의 참가자 변인들을 통제한 후 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 참가자의 59.7%가 불운한 아동기 경험의 10개 범주 중 적어도 1개 이상을 보고하였으며, 이 중 4개 이상을 보고한 참가자는 16.3%였다. 가장 많이 보고된 유형은 정서적 방임(31.3%)과 정서적 학대(22.7%)이며, 이 외에 신체적 학대(15.1%)와 성학대(14.6%), 가정폭력(16.1%), 가족의 알코올중독(16.8%) 등은 모두 유사한 비율을 나타내었다. 둘째, 불운한 아동기 경험에 많이 노출되었을수록 건강위험 행동에 관여될 가능성이 높았다. 즉 ACE에 4개 이상 노출된 참가자는 ACE가 0인 경우에 비해 고위험 흡연자가 될 확률은 1.6배, 고위험 음주 1.7배, 자해 및 자살시도는 6.8배 더 높았다. 또한 자신의 건강을 염려할 가능성은 2.1배 더 높았고, 만성질환을 앓은 비율은 중증 3대 질환(암, 심장질환, 뇌졸중)이 2배, 소화기 질환 2배, 통증관련 질환은 2.3배 높았다. 셋째, 불운한 아동기 경험에 많이 노출되었을수록 정신건강의 위험은 뚜렷하게 증가하였다. 즉 ACE에 4개 이상 노출된 참가자는 ACE가 0인 경우에 비해 우울높음 집단에 속할 확률이 6.4배, 불안높음 9배, 신체화높음은 10.1배 더 컸다. 특히 이러한 경향은 ACE 점수가 1씩 증가할 때마다 유의하게 상승하였다. 예를 들어, ACE가 0인 경우에 비해 신체화높음 집단에 속할 가능성은 ACE가 1일 때 2.4배, 2일 때 5.4배, 3일 때 8.3배, 4일 때 10.1배였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의미 및 제한점, 추후 연구를 위한 제언에 대해 논의하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the retrospective prevalence of adverse childhood experiences, and their impacts on health and mental health problems among adults. A total of 1,954 males and females age 30 and older, residing in Metro Seoul or the suburbs of Seoul, participated in the online survey. Results indicate: First, 59.7% of the participants were exposed to at least one category of adverse childhood experiences. And, 16.3% of the participants had experienced four or more category of ACE. The most commonly reported manifestations of ACE were emotional neglect (31.3%) and emotional abuse (22.7%), followed by alcohol abuse (16.8%), domestic violence (16.1%), physical abuse (15.1%), and sexual abuse (14.6%). Thus, there are many persons who had experienced ACE during childhood in our study population. Second, logistic regression was applied to examine the association between ACE and adult health status. The analysis was controlled for impacts of demographic factors such as age, gender, educational attainment, economic state, marital status. The risks increased for each of the health risk behaviors, health worry, and chronic diseases studied as the number of exposure to ACE increased. Persons who had experienced four or more categories of ACE, compared to those who had experienced none, had 1.6, 1.7, and 6.8 times increased health risks for high-risk smoke, high-risk drink, and suicide attempts respectively; a 2.1 times increase in health worry; 2.0-2.3 times increased risk of chronic diseases including a serious illness(cancer, heart disease, stroke), digestive trouble, and pain-related disease. Third, there was a strong graded relationship between the number of exposures to ACE, and adult mental health. That is, the risk increased for mental disorders as the number of ACE increased. Compared to those who had no ACE, persons who had experienced four or more category of ACE had 6.4, 9.0, and 10.1 times the odds of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms, respectively. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed as well as future research.
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